Intestinal colonization is beneficial to the role of probiotics, and prebiotics can promote the adhesion and colonization of probiotics in the intestine. This study optimized the combination of complex prebiotics that could improve the growth ability and adhesion ability of Limosilactobacillus fermentum (L. fermentum) DALI02 to Caco-2 cells in vitro and determined the effect of its colonization quantity and colonization time in the immunocompromised rat model. The results showed that all five prebiotics (fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), inulin, stachyose, and xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS)) significantly promoted the growth and adhesion of L. fermentum DALI02. It was found that 0.5% (w/w) inulin had the best growth promotion effect, and 0.5% FOS had the strongest adhesion promotion (the adhesion rate was increase by 1.75 times). In addition, 0.05% FOS, 0.20% GOS, 0.30% inulin, 0.20% stachyose, and 0.30% XOS could significantly improve the adhesion rate of L. fermentum DALI02 from 1.72% to 3.98%. After 1 w of intervention, the quantity of colonization in the fermented broth with prebiotics group was significantly higher than that in the fermented broth group. The intervention time was extended from 1 d to 4 w, and the amount of colonization of L. fermentum DALI02 in the fermented broth with prebiotics group increased significantly from 4.32 lgcopies/g to 5.12 lgcopies/g. After the intervention, the serum levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and D-lactic acid in rats were significantly reduced, and the most significant was in the fermented broth with prebiotics group, with LPS and D-lactic acid levels of 74.11 pg/mL and 40.33 μmol/L, respectively. Complex prebiotics can promote the growth and adhesion of L. fermentum DALI02 and significantly increase the quantity of colonization and residence time of the strain in the intestine, which helps the restoration of intestinal barrier function and other probiotic effects.

Patrinia scabiosaefolia L. (P. scabiosaefolia), a traditional food and medicinal plant, is used to treat internal inflammation. This study investigated the mechanisms by which P. scabiosaefolia improves ulcerative colitis (UC) via combined UHPLC-OE-MS/MS, network pharmacology, molecular docking, and animal experiments. A total of 72 compounds were detected in the P. scabiosaefolia extraction, with 15 key components (ranking by degree value) selected for further analysis. GO enrichment analysis suggested that PS may alleviate UC-related renal dysfunction by modulating immune responses, inflammation, and cell signaling pathways. Based on protein–protein interaction results, five core targets of P. scabiosaefolia in UC (ranking by degree value) were identified, and molecular docking revealed strong binding free affinity (<−7 kcal/mol) of active components (Vulgarin and 4-(Diphenylphosphino)benzoic acid) with TNF, AKT1, CASP3, BCL2, and MMP9. In animal experiments, P. scabiosaefolia-treated mice showed significant reductions in IL-6, TNF-α, LPS, and D-Lactate levels (p < 0.05); improved colon histopathological damage; and significantly increased the mRNA expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, Claudin, OCC) in colon tissue (p < 0.05). Furthermore, P. scabiosaefolia-treated mice exhibited a significant increase in beneficial gut bacteria (Enterococcus and Lactobacillus) (p < 0.05), effectively restoring the gut imbalance caused by DSS. In conclusion, P. scabiosaefolia can treat UC through the modulation of the intestinal microecology.

To explore the modulating effect of Limosilactobacillus fermentum (L. fermentum) grx08 on anti-oxidative stress in the liver, heart, and kidney of high-fat diet in rats, a low-fat diet as a control and a high-fat diet was used to induce oxidative stress injury in rats. L. fermentum grx08 and its heat-inactivated bacteria were used to intervene. The results showed that the high-fat diet had caused oxidative stress injury in the liver, heart, and kidney of rats. L. fermentum grx08 significantly reduced the serum levels of liver, heart, and kidney injury markers (ALT, AST, LDH, CK-MB, UA, and Crea), while restoring the balance of lipid metabolism in the liver. It also enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as GSH-Px in the liver, heart, and kidney, scavenging NO radicals and reducing the content of MDA, a product of lipid peroxidation, which can regulate the anti-oxidative stress capacity of the liver, heart, and kidney to varying degrees. Among them, L. fermentum grx08 showed better modulating effect on kidney anti-oxidative stress, followed by liver, and the weakest modulating effect on heart. At the same time, L. fermentum grx08 heat-inactivated bacteria also had a partial modulatory effect as well as a similar effect profile to that of live bacteria.