The greening of buildings’ facades is not a new practice; it has been used since ancient times for protection and aesthetic purposes. Nowadays, the approach used towards the greening of facades has changed considerably. Vertical greenery systems (VGS) have been proposed as one of the innovative solutions to promote sustainable building functions. Present-day facade greenery not only offers traditional architectural potential but also incorporates advanced materials and technologies to adapt to the requirements of modern urban life. In recent years, the number of buildings that use this technology has increased considerably, and accordingly, the technology involved and the methods of application have changed to be in line with the new necessities. Various types of VGS have been introduced to provide users with a wider range of options that are applicable in different climates and conditions. As a result, different methods of VGS implementation have been adopted; however, there is no established standardization for VGS designs or their variations. Choosing the proper type of VGS is a crucial step in the decision-making process for VGS design. In this research, we provide an overview of the most significant existing classifications of vertical greenery systems and propose a comprehensive classification based on an analysis of their features and classification criteria. Moreover, influential factors in VGS design are investigated. This article presents a comprehensive framework for the sustainable design of vertical greenery systems by outlining the primary parameters that are crucial to identifying and selecting the most suitable type of VGS. The framework also incorporates design aspects, thus stressing the necessity of considering changes to attributes that could affect the overall functionality of a VGS and, as a result, impact the decision-making process. The results of this study provide a valuable resource to systematically study greenery systems, and their parameters, and also to make informed decisions that are aligned with current the sustainability objectives of future research in terms of cost, energy consumption, and maintenance.

This research investigates integrating Building Information Modeling (BIM) and blockchain technology to enhance building information’s security, reliability, and accuracy in Martian environments. Given the unique challenges posed by extraterrestrial construction, this study evaluates the feasibility of this hybrid approach through a structured SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis. Expert inputs were collected through a comprehensive questionnaire identifying nine strengths, eight weaknesses, eight opportunities, and six threats to implementing BIM and blockchain technology in space projects. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to prioritize these factors. Findings indicate that the strengths are cost calculation and budgeting (26.21), and the weaknesses are technology complexity (25.488). Increased productivity (19.16) is the most important criterion at the opportunity point, and defects in data security (20.68) are the most important at the threat point. The SWOT analysis places BIM and blockchain integration in a conservative strategy quadrant, indicating that the technology holds significant promise but requires further development and refinement. Ultimately, this research contributes to the growing knowledge about extraterrestrial construction technologies and provides a foundation for developing flexible and autonomous building systems for Martian habitats.

Ever since mankind has known the world around him and space, he has been trying to find a suitable alternative for his current residence, the Earth. In this research, two main criteria for buildings on Mars and their information management were extracted by checking the library of studies on Mars. These two main criteria are the components of the building and the internal components of the building. The criteria for building components include the health of walls, the health of roofs, meteor protection, the health of facilities, and the health of windows (air exchange), and the internal components of the building, including air temperature, air pressure, ambient oxygen, ambient carbon dioxide, humidity, and the amount of light. These criteria, which were extracted from the library materials, were screened using the fuzzy Delphi method, which is one of the most accurate criteria screening methods and is completed by experts. After the opinions of experts, the criteria of health of walls, health of roofs, health of facilities, rejection, air exchange, ambient temperature, and oxygen content were extracted as final criteria. The results of the experts’ paired questionnaire were analyzed using the fuzzy AHP method, and the health criteria of the walls, the health of the ceilings, and air exchange have the first priority; the criteria of the ambient temperature and oxygen level are the second priority; and the criteria of the facilities are the last priority. These were placed as a suggestion, and it can be stated to the researchers that these priorities should be implemented in the blockchain platform so that the building information management system (BIM) works well in buildings on Mars and against any intrusion or damage. Being resistant, but it seems that the experts considered the components of the building separately from its protective components and put components such as the health of the window as a guarantee of the architecture of Martian buildings and did not include them as part of the main criteria of the research. Also, this research can be used as background for other research in this field.

Three-Dimensional Concrete Printing (3DCP) is transforming the construction industry by offering faster, more cost-effective, and sustainable building solutions. However, a major challenge that hinders its full potential is the low tensile strength of concrete, which, as in conventional methods, necessitates reinforcement. Unlike traditional construction, integrating reinforcement into the automated 3D printing process is complex and remains a critical research gap. In this study, zigzag-reinforcing method, that could be classified as an in-process interlayer reinforcement in 3DCP, is proposed. To investigate the effect of the proposed reinforcement technique, an analytical study was conducted using Abaqus finite-element software. Four beam models with different reinforcement configurations were considered: an unreinforced control specimen, two Nitinol-reinforced beams (one exhibiting superelastic behavior and the other the shape memory effect), and a steel-reinforced beam. Three-point bending tests were simulated using a displacement-controlled, centrally applied load. The results showed that zigzag reinforcement improved flexibility and prevented sudden failure. The Nitinol-reinforced sample with superelastic behavior failed at a displacement of 2.67 mm, approximately 37 times greater than the 0.07 mm failure displacement of the unreinforced beam. Unlike the unreinforced specimen, where cracks propagated vertically, the zigzag reinforcement redirected crack propagation horizontally, allowing the beams to carry more load. Additionally, the steel-reinforced sample demonstrated a 68% increase in maximum flexural moment and a 286% increase in flexibility compared to the control specimen. Overall, zigzag reinforcement significantly enhanced the mechanical performance of the samples, and if its durability and other practical parameters are validated through experimental studies, it could be considered a promising reinforcement technique for use in 3D concrete printing.

Due to the unique atmospheric conditions on Mars, the management of essential information in Mars buildings is of great importance. Even the smallest error or manipulation of data can create irreparable risks for residents. Martian buildings require a strong security shield to ensure accurate and unaltered data processing. In this article, the factors affecting the buildings of Mars and the lives of the inhabitants of Mars were identified and analyzed, and seven key factors were identified. These factors were then integrated into Mars building information systems using blockchain technology, defining four distinct alert levels for specific building conditions. This research is based on the simulation of Martian buildings, and there has been no laboratory case to test the proposed method until now. The findings showed that the proposed framework for Martian buildings was better than similar studies based on Earth, and there was no similar case to compare the results in Martian buildings. The ground-breaking integration of blockchain and building information modeling (BIM) on Mars opens up new opportunities for extraterrestrial building control methods and marks the beginning of the evolution of this field, but given that there is still no construction in the field of buildings on Mars, organizations and bodies that work in this field can use the results of this research to check the compatibility of the proposed method with Martian buildings.

Information about the paper titled "3D PRINTERS IMPACT ON THE FUTURE OF CONSTRUCTION" at IATED Digital Library