This study focused on the significance of underground mining in Pakistan, resulting in the employment of operational staff to undertake the primary tasks of this sector, such as explosions, rock excavation, mineral research, mining-supporting walls, and mine compactivity. Occupational accidents and illnesses arise due to the activities mentioned above because the working circumstances are not optimal. The decision-matrix risk-assessment (DMRA) approach, in which incidents are evaluated according to their severity and probability, was also utilized to improve working conditions, including public health and environment protection. To assess the risks and to select which actions should continue in the same manner, we highlighted hazards that need control measures and, as the last option, those that must be stopped. By taking into account the results of the study, corrective actions were proposed that can help avoid the occurrence of the presented accidents through applying occupational safety and health regulations issued by the Department of Minerals and Mines, which is a governmental entity responsible for both the issuing and the compliance to those regulations. The current study also outlined the requirements that must be reported under mining-related laws.

An individual is liable for his/her wrong doings against fellow members of the society. However, in certain situations he/she can be exempted from his/her actions, especially in a situation whereby he/she cannot differentiate in right and wrong due to his/her mental incapability. In the modern era, ample development has been gained in the field of mental health and an effective mechanism has been provided as to observe and implement the principles of responsibility between crime and mental illness. Schizophrenia has been commonly referred as severe cognitive and affective deficits that heavily influence empathy, understanding, reason and decision making, but also control of compulsiveness. Although there is relation between mental illness and lacks or decrease of legal accountability, their relationship is also bound by social, cultural, demographic, developmental, and clinical factors. For criminal liability both mens rea and actus reus are important ingredients. However, in case of Schizophrenia the element of mens rea is missing, which exempt the mentally ill person from the consequences of crime. A qualitative method of research is conducted to evaluate the criminal responsibility of a mentally ill patient. Upon observation, it has been discovered that laws related to mental health in Pakistan lacks compatibility with international conventions and Islamic law, so there is a dire need to revamp the existing legislation and a phenomenon of non-responsibility of a mentally ill patient should be followed as a paradigm shift.