Estimating the quantity of seepage through the foundation and body of a dam using proper health and safety monitoring is critical to the effective management of disaster risk in a reservoir downstream of the dam. In this study, a deep learning model was constructed to predict the extent of seepage through Pakistan’s Tarbela dam, the world’s second largest clay and rock dam. The dataset included hydro-climatological, geophysical, and engineering characteristics for peak-to-peak water inflows into the dam from 2014 to 2020. In addition, the data are time series, recurring neural networks (RNN), and long short-term memory (LSTM) as time series algorithms. The RNN–LSTM model has an average mean square error of 0.12, and a model performance of 0.9451, with minimal losses and high accuracy, resulting in the best-predicted dam seepage result. Damage was projected using a deep learning system that addressed the limitations of the model, the difficulties of calculating human activity schedules, and the need for a different set of input data to make good predictions.

The Upper Indus Basin, in Pakistan’s western Salt Range, is home to the Zaluch Gorge. The sedimentary rocks found in this Gorge, belonging to the Chhidru Formation, were studied in terms of sedimentology and stratigraphy, and provide new insights into the basin paleogeographic evolution from the Precambrian to the Jurassic period. Facies analysis in the Chhidru Formation deposits allowed the recognition of three lithofacies (the limestone facies—CF1, the limestone with clay interbeds facies—CF2, and the sandy limestone facies—CF3) with five microfacies types (mudstone biomicrite—MF-1, wackestone-biomicrite—MF-2, wackestone-biosparite—MF-3, pack-stone-biomicrite—MF-4, and packstone-biosparite—MF-5), as well as their depositional characteristics. The identified carbonate and siliciclastic formations display various facies in a shallow marine environment, with different lithologies, sedimentary features, and energy conditions. It is thought that the depositional characteristics of these microfacies are closer to those of the middle to outer shelf. Because of the progressively coarsening outcrop sequence, this formation seems to be at the very top of the high stand system tract (HST). A modified dynamic depositional model of the Chhidru Formation is further built using outcrop data, facies information, and stratigraphy. According to this concept, the formation was deposited in the middle to inner shelf area of the shallow marine environment, during the Late-Permian period. The Permo-Triassic Boundary (PTB), which is the end of the type-1 series, is marked by this formation’s top.

This study focused on the significance of underground mining in Pakistan, resulting in the employment of operational staff to undertake the primary tasks of this sector, such as explosions, rock excavation, mineral research, mining-supporting walls, and mine compactivity. Occupational accidents and illnesses arise due to the activities mentioned above because the working circumstances are not optimal. The decision-matrix risk-assessment (DMRA) approach, in which incidents are evaluated according to their severity and probability, was also utilized to improve working conditions, including public health and environment protection. To assess the risks and to select which actions should continue in the same manner, we highlighted hazards that need control measures and, as the last option, those that must be stopped. By taking into account the results of the study, corrective actions were proposed that can help avoid the occurrence of the presented accidents through applying occupational safety and health regulations issued by the Department of Minerals and Mines, which is a governmental entity responsible for both the issuing and the compliance to those regulations. The current study also outlined the requirements that must be reported under mining-related laws.

The Peshawar Basin is a part of the lower Himalayas that contains an enormous amount of groundwater storage. The evaluation of groundwater potential in the southern Peshawar district was done using well logging, lithostratigraphic properties, and combined hydrogeological and geophysical techniques. A total of 13 Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) profiles were utilised to assess potential groundwater zones for surface resistivity studies. The aquifer system was delineated by comparing the data from five boreholes with the VES findings. An exploration of super-saturated groundwater potential was conducted, utilising parameters such as transmissivity (T), hydraulic conductivity (K), storativity, and the Dar Zarrouk analysis. The Dar Zarrouk analysis yielded average values of transverse resistance (TR), longitudinal conductance (S), and anisotropy (λ), which were determined to be 8069.12, 0.51, and 0.561, respectively. Similarly, average values of transmissivity (T), hydraulic conductivity (K), and storativity were obtained, resulting in 28.67, 0.24, and 0.000177, respectively. The saturated confined layer, characterized by highly saturated zones, was identified to begin at a depth of approximately 119 m and extend down to the lower boundary of the aquifer. The examined aquifer is composed of clay, sand, gravel, boulders, and loose layers of lacustrine mud that are interlayered to form an unconsolidated groundwater aquifer system. The aquifers in the region are highly developed and consisted of unconfined, semi-confined, and confined aquifer systems. As a result, it is possible to use the aquifer for groundwater development in the study area because of its low -to-medium discharge.

This study is an attempt to compile and complete structural features of the Kalba-Narym Zone in East Kazakhstan belonging to the western Central Asian Orogenic Belt, which is known to be well-endowed with the occurrence of pegmatite rare-metal mineralization. Remote sensing and GIS-based 2D are utilized to map the geological structural lineaments of faults and granitic pegmatite and pegmatite dikes. This includes lineament extraction on regional and district scales. Then, the spatial relationship between pegmatite dikes and faults is analyzed, including the lineament trends and proximity patterns. The spatial analyses are performed via the geo-computational method of Distance to Nearest Neighbors (DNN), Ripley’s L′ function, and pegmatite orientation families were employed to study the spatial distribution pattern of the pegmatites. The results of this study demonstrate that the occurrence of pegmatite dikes in various Greenfields and Brownfields of the Kalba-Narym Zone follows clustered distributions, the orientation of pegmatite swarms is dominantly NW-SE, and pegmatite emplacement is proximal to the intersection of multiple faulting systems. Extracted fault strikes, demonstrating a pronounced NW–SE to NNW–SSE structural fabric across the zone, show orientation association with the pegmatite dikes. Extraction and demarcation of pegmatites on a regional scale via remote sensing techniques help efficiently narrow down the target areas before conducting geological campaigns. This investigation proposes several new districts of pegmatite occurrence in the Kalba-Narym Zone as potential targets for exploration of critical metals.

Saltwater intrusion (SWI) in coastal aquifers poses a significant threat to freshwater resources, exacerbated by climate change and rising sea levels. This study investigates SWI dynamics using laboratory experiments, geophysical monitoring with the self-potential (SP) method, and numerical simulations to assess the impact of varying salt concentrations (7 g/L and 35 g/L) on intrusion rates and electrochemical responses. Laboratory experiments were conducted in a custom-designed sandbox model, with SP data collected in real time using a 192-electrode system. Numerical simulations were performed to replicate experimental conditions and validate the model’s predictions. Results show that salt concentration significantly influences intrusion rates and SP responses. In low-salinity systems (7 g/L), SP values increased gradually from 0 mV to 20 mV, with a slow intrusion rate of 0.034 m/h. In contrast, moderate-salinity systems (35 g/L) exhibited rapid SP changes (0 mV to 5 mV) and a faster intrusion rate of 0.1 m/h. Sharp SP anomalies near the intrusion source, with values dropping from 10 mV to −40 mV, were observed in low-salinity systems, highlighting localized charge imbalances. The model’s performance was evaluated using relative RMSE, showing a good fit in Experiment (1) (RMSE = 5.00%) and acceptable results for Experiment (2) (RMSE = 23.45%). These findings demonstrate the potential of the SP method for real-time monitoring of SWI and provide insights for improving management strategies in coastal aquifers.