With low-power gadgets proliferating, the development of a small, effective rectenna is crucial for wirelessly energizing devices. A simple circular patch with a partial ground plane for RF-energy harvesting at ISM (2.45 GHz) band is proposed in this work. The simulated antenna resonates at 2.45 GHz with an input impedance of 50 Ω and a gain of 2.38 dBi. An L-section matching a circuit with a voltage doubler is proposed to provide excellent RF-to-DC transformation efficiency at low power input. The proposed rectenna is fabricated and the results show that the return loss and realized gain have good characteristics at the ISM band with 52% of RF-to-DC transformation efficiency, with an input of 0 dBm power. The projected rectenna is apt for power-up low sensor nodes in wireless sensor applications.

With the use of hybrid renewable sources for example solar and wind turbines, an autonomous electric power generation system based on self‐sufficient electric power generation is built in order to promote a smart and ecologically friendly environment. The three‐phase inverter that links this scattered generating unit to the grid is in charge of ensuring that it is properly connected to the grid. While the energy produced by the hybrid unit is being utilized, it is also being stored in the batteries so that it may be used to transport power when other sources of power are not available, such as when the grid is down. This stand‐alone power conversion and storage system is being built with the aid of power electronic converters and controllers, among other components, in order to ensure balanced power flow operation. To produce PWM pulses for the generator side converter, a PI controller is utilized. On the PV side, an improved PI controller is used to drive the SEPIC converter, which increases the transient responsiveness of the converter while it is being controlled by the controller. In order to communicate with the grid, the generated electricity is routed via a three‐phase inverter that is controlled according to the DQ theory. The challenges connected with poor power quality are substantially resolved by the converters that have been presented. For simplicity of use, an automated control function has been introduced; in addition, an interactive MATLAB model of the system is being developed for minor and medium‐scale microgrid applications; also, a prototype is being created to verify the simulation results.

Fractal geometries consistently provide solutions to several electromagnetic design problems. In this paper, fractal geometries such as Hilbert and Moore curves are used to design efficient High-Impedance Surfaces. Modern communication devices have many sensors that are needed to communicate wirelessly. The critical component of wireless communications is antennas. Planar microstrip patch antennas are popular due to their low profile, compactness, and good radiation characteristics. The structural disadvantages of microstrip antennas are that they have surface waves that propagate over the ground plane. High-Impedance Surface (HIS) planes are a prominent solution to minimize and eliminate surface waves. The HIS structures behave as active LC filters that suppress surface waves at their resonance frequency. The resonance frequency of the structure is obtained by its LC equivalent or by analyzing the reflection phase characteristics. This work presents conventional HIS structures similar to mushroom HIS and fractal HIS such as Hilbert curve and Moore curve HIS. The HIS reflection phase characteristics are obtained by applying periodic boundary conditions with plane wave illumination. The results were obtained in terms of the reflection phase angle. The conventional mushroom structures show narrow band characteristics at given dimensions of 10 mm × 10 mm and 20 mm × 20 mm. These structures are helpful in the replacement of PEC ground planes for patch antennas under sub-6 GHz. The Hilbert and Moore fractals are also designed and have a multiband response that can be useful for L, S, and C band applications. Another design challenge of HIS is protrusions, which make design difficult. The work also presents the effect of having vias and the absence of vias on reflection phase characteristics. The response shows the least and no significant effect of vias under the x-band operation.

Many cutting-edge technologies, such as MIMO, cognitive radio, multi-carrier modulation, and network coding, have been proposed for wireless communication to satisfy needs for a higher data rate in the upcoming time, leading to improved quality of service (QoS) regardless of the weather. Orthogonal and non-orthogonal multiple access techniques are two categories into which multiple access technologies can be subdivided. Large networking with effective implementation of wireless devices is supported by non-orthogonal multiple access techniques. Massive NOMA has been implemented to advance access efficiency by permitting several users to share a similar spectrum. Because of the robust co-channel interference between mobile users presented by NOMA, it offers important tasks for system model and resources management. In this study, two additional sets of demanding codes are explored. Multi-user shared access methods and expanded multi-user shared access (EMUSA) methods are both employed. In the MUSA technique, an algorithm is used for the allocation of resources to achieve minimum intercorrelation to the maximum extent in 5G networks. A novel idea proposed in this paper is to create complex codes starting from PN codes (i.e., ePN), thereby achieving promising results in the overall system performance. The first part of this paper describes the fundamental principles of MUSA, and in the next part the main idea of the proposed technique will be studied in detail. Using Monte-Carlo MATLAB simulation, the performance of the suggested approach is assessed in terms of BER vs. SNR. The efficiency of the proposed approach is evaluated in various settings, and the outcomes are contrasted with those of the traditional CDMA technique, using parameters, such as the number of active users and antennas at the receiver.

A voltage sag is a major power quality problem at any load location, mainly due to short circuit faults. Its effects are especially clear in the industrial sector because they lead to direct financial losses. The first and most important step to getting rid of or at least reducing voltage sag is to find the places in the network where it can happen. So, this article discusses a creative way to find the weak spots in a network where the voltage is more likely to drop. This innovative strategy is based on correlation and a stochastic normal probability distribution. The voltage sag is evaluated using an analytical method. The method simulates the number, type, and location of faults randomly throughout the system. After gathering voltage dip data, it is analyzed using normal probability distribution and correlation concepts. The correlation concept provides the relationship between the sag frequency and other parameters, and the sag occurrence area was indicated by the normal probability distribution. After that, the region of vulnerability (ROV) is developed using the ROV flow chart. This paper uses an IEEE 30-bus RTS system as a case study to demonstrate the usefulness of the suggested strategy using MATLAB software.