This study aimed to evaluate the impact ofC. schoenanthusessential oil (CSEO) on the immune system, antioxidant balance, and histological changes in the kidney and spleen of female BALB/C mice. The chemical composition of CSEO was analyzed using GC-MS. Twenty-nine compounds were identified, representing 99.04% of the total detected. The main components were Piperitone (47.93%), Elemol (11.91%), 2-Carene (10.69%), β-eudesmol (7.67%), α-eudesmol (5.12%), and γ-eudesmol (4.24%). For bioassay, the mice were divided into three groups: control, 0.5% CSEO (G1), and 1% CSEO (G2). The effects of CSEO on various markers, including malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), urea, creatinine, and cytokines (IL-4, TNF-α, and TGF-β1), were evaluated. Additionally, kidney and spleen histopathological examinations were conducted. The treatment groups showed a significant increase in IL-4, TNF-α, and TGF-β1 levels compared to the control group, except for G1, which showed a non-significant decrease in TGF-β1 levels. Group 2 exhibited a significant increase in MDA levels compared to the control group, while group 1 had a nonsignificant increase. Both treatments showed a significant increase in GSH levels, while SOD and CAT levels showed a non-significant increase in G2 and a non-significant decrease in G1. Urea levels showed a non-significant increase, while creatinine levels were significantly decreased in G2 and non-significantly decreased in G1 compared to the control group. The histopathological examinations revealed congested red pulp with activated hematopoiesis and focal fibrosis in spleen sections of both G1 and G2. The study suggests that medicinal herbs such as CSEO need to be used with caution, and their effects should be evaluated carefully, especially in terms of dose-dependent effects. The results indicate that high doses of CSEO may increase the levels of some cytokines and antioxidants and have harmful effects on kidney architecture, congested red pulp, and fibrosis with increased hematopoiesis. Therefore, the random use of medicinal herbs may have harmful effects and needs to be carefully controlled to ensure safe use.

The ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Suaeda monoica was successively fractionated using petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol. The GC-MS analysis of dichloromethane fraction has resulted in the identification of 24 non-polar compounds. N,N-dimethyl-1-dodecanamine (19.13%), methyl (Z)-9-oleate (18.1%) and 2-methoxy-3-(2-propenyl)phenol (12.14%) were the major components and fatty acids methyl esters represented the major class of this nonpolar components. Phytochemical study of the ethyl acetate and methanol fractions led to isolation and identification of seven known compounds identified as pyrogallol, ferulic acid, luteolin, (+)-catechien, gallic acid, naringin and naringenin. Dichloromethane, ethyl aetate and methanol fractions exhibited weak to moderate antioxidant activity using DPPH free radical scavenging method. Ethyl acetate and methanol fractions showed no antifungal activity and weak to good antibacterial activity by diffusion agar technique, while the dichloromethane showed potent activity against all the tested strains. Different fractions revealed weak lipase inhibitory effect.

The aim of this study focused to investigate the chemical constituents of chloroform and methanol extracts of Traganum nudatum aerial parts and evaluation of their related biological ability as antitumor, anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory activity. The GC-Ms analysis of chloroform extract revealed the identification of 45 compounds (26 terpenoids, 13 fatty acids methyl ester, 3 sterols, 2 alkaloids, 1 ally benzene). Carvacrol and citronellol were the major components of the terpenoid compounds while elaidic and stearic acids were to fatty acid methyl ester. The methanol extract was applied to polyamide column chromatography which led to isolation and identification of eight phenolic compounds. The chemical structure of the isolated compounds was identified by the physical and chemical properties using UV, MS, 1H and 13C-NMR as hesperidin 1 isorhamentin-3-O-α-robinobioside 2, caffeic acid 3, isorhamentin 4, p-coumaric 5, sinapic acid 6, 7-hydroxy flavone 7 and quinic acid 8. The evaluation of the biological activity showed that the chloroform extract has antitumor and antidiabetic effect better than the methanol extract. While the methanol extract exhibited anti-inflammatory inhibition efficacy more than the chloroform extract that showed no anti-inflammatory activity.

This study aimed to investigate the chemical constituents and in vitro pharmacological activity (antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activity) of the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and methanol (MeOH) extracts of Salsola kali aerial parts. EtOAc extract showed potent activity against all tested pharmacological studies better than MeOH extract. It exhibited potent antioxidant activity for three tested mechanisms where, the total antioxidant capacities (TAC) were 873.27 and 302.5 mg AAE/g extract, reducing power was 223.62±3.46 & 213.02±1.99 mg AAE/g extract and DPPH scavenging activity with an IC50 of 41.52±2.09 and 80.64±4.53 µg/ml for EtOAc and MeOH extracts of S. kali, respectively. EtOAc and MeOH extracts displayed moderate to weak antibacterial activity against tested strains. EtOAc extract revealed the highest membrane stabilizing activity with IC50 of 1.68 mg/mL whereas, MeOH extract exhibited membrane stabilizing activity with IC50 of 2.60 mg/mL as compared to the drug reference. EtOAc extract showed potent cytotoxic activity against HepG2, A549 and MCF-7 with IC50 24.7, 29.3, and 44.0 μg/mL respectively, while the MeOH extract showed slight activity against the three tested cell lines with IC50 between 180-291μg/mL. For the first time, salisoflavan, syringic acid, and tricin-7-O-glucopyranoside were isolated from this plant. LC-MS analysis of the EtOAc extract of S. kali led to the identification of 127 phytoconstituents.

The history for the use of Aloe vera for medicinal purposes starts from about 3000 years. Medicinally, this plant may be able to treat skin cancer as well as sunburns, burns, and small wounds. More than 104 compounds from various parts of this plant, including minerals, vitamins, amino acids, enzymes, sterols, anthraquinone, flavonoids, terpenoids, coumarins, polysaccharides, sugars, and polyphenols, have been isolated thus far, according to scientific reports on phytochemical analysis of this plant. The biological activities of these compounds are diverse and include anthelmintic, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, diuretic, antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and cosmetic effects for medical therapy. This article mainly emphasizes therapeutic, medicinal and food uses of A. vera. Peer Review History: Received: 26 October 2023; Revised: 9 November; Accepted: 25 December, Available online: 15 January 2024 Academic Editor: Dr. Tamer Elhabibi, Suez Canal University, Egypt, tamer_hassan@pharm.suez.edu.eg Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia, ahmad.najib@umi.ac.id Prof. Ali Gamal Ahmed Al-kaf, Sana'a university, Yemen, alialkaf21@gmail.com