This article aims to determine the specificity of spatial conflicts related to spatial plans concerning wind power plants. To achieve the aim of the article, all spatial plans in force in Poland were analysed, distinguishing those which determine the possibility of realisation of wind power plants. The research concerns the whole country. The literature review carried out for this article verifies approaches to spatial conflicts and identifies how planning barriers to the implementation of wind power investments are defined. The results identified Polish municipalities where spatial plans containing provisions for implementing wind power plants have been enacted. Then, through survey research, an attempt was made to identify critical spatial conflicts occurring in these municipalities. The last part of the research involved identifying and analysing Polish court decisions concerning spatial plans permitting wind power plants. These were recognised as a particular stage of spatial conflicts. The article’s novelty is the attempt to isolate regional spatial conflicts concerning wind power plants comprehensively. This applies to a broader scientific discussion (also applicable to other countries). In addition, the treatment of court cases as the final stage of spatial conflicts related to the location of wind power plants should be considered innovative. An important contribution to the international discussion is the proposal for broader (quantitative) research on the role of courts in spatial planning. Possible classifications in court settlements of parties to spatial conflicts, reasons for spatial conflicts, and ways of ending conflicts have been proposed.

The changing demographics of the global population represent a significant challenge for humanity. Such changes have an impact on the functioning of the economy, including the housing market, and necessitate constant monitoring. This study evaluated the spatial diversity of all the large and medium-sized cities in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship, situated in the north-west of Poland, in terms of three key factors: demographic potential, housing stock and their price levels. Furthermore, the interactions between the cities’ positions in the rankings, which were created on the basis of the aforementioned phenomena, were identified. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, the linear object ordering method, the Hellwig pattern method and Kendall’s tau rank correlation coefficient were employed. The research was conducted using data from the years 2018 to 2022, sourced from the databases of the Polish Statistical Office and the Analysis and Monitoring System of the Real Estate Market. The study observed a relatively strong positive correlation between the positions of cities in the ranking created for demographic potential and the level of residential property prices for the year 2020. The correlation between the positions of cities in the rankings for demographic potential and housing real estate stock was found to be very weak. The case of Koszalin was identified as an optimal location for residence due to the existing residential property stock and its prices. This was corroborated by the city’s residents, who also enabled the city to be ranked at the top of a ranking created for this phenomenon through the diagnostic variables for demographic potential. This article addresses a research gap, as, to the best of our knowledge, the indicated relationships have not yet been analysed in the contexts presented in the article.

The intensive development of road transport has resulted in a significant increase in air pollution. This phenomenon is particularly noticeable in urban areas. This creates the need for analyses and forecasts of the scale and extent of future emissions of harmful substances into the environment. The aim of this study was to estimate the costs of the emission of toxic components of exhaust gases generated by all users of conventionally propelled vehicles travelling on a section of urban road in the next 25 years. The traffic study was carried out on an urban traffic route, playing a key role for road transport in the dimension of a given urban agglomeration. The traffic forecast for the analysed road section was based on the results of our own measurements carried out in April 2023 and external data from the General Directorate for Roads and Motorways. The results of the observations concerned six categories of vehicles for the morning and afternoon rush hours. Based on the data obtained, the generic structure of the vehicle population on the analysed section and the average daily traffic were determined. Using the methodology contained in the Blue Book of Road Infrastructure, parameters were calculated in the form of annual indicators of traffic growth on the analysed section, travel speed, and annual air pollution costs for selected vehicle categories, remembering at the same time that the Blue Book-based methodology does not distinguish between unit costs in relation to the type of emissions. The results of the study confirmed that there was an increase in the cost of toxic emissions for each vehicle category over the projected 25-year period. The largest increases were seen for trucks with trailers and passenger cars. In total, for all vehicle categories, emission costs nearly doubled from 2024 to 2046, from EUR 3,745,229 to EUR 7,443,384, due to the doubling of the number of vehicles resulting from the traffic forecast. The analyses presented here provide an answer to the question of what pollution costs may be faced by cities in which road transport will continue to be based on conventional types of propulsion. In addition, the research presented can be used to develop urban mobility transformation plans for the coming years, within the scope of the widely promoted smart city concept and the idea of electromobility, by pointing out to local authorities the direct economic benefits of these changes.