This study aimed at determining the existence of oils and fats in ghee manufactured in Bangladesh and to validate the nature of the impurity. In this study, a ghee sample was prepared in the laboratory by following standard methods and was used as a control sample. On the other hand, 19 ghee samples, including five branded samples (B1–B5), and 14 local samples (L1–L14) were collected from different manufacturers. The ghee samples were assessed for fat composition, Reichert Meissl (RM), saponification, Polenske, acid, Kirschner, and butyro refractometer (BR) values. To validate the ghee samples, vegetable oils and body fats were mixed in different ratios and then analyzed. All the branded samples contained more than 99.5% fat, but only three local samples showed more than 97% fat. Admixing of soybean oil and coconut oil in different ratios showed the RM value from 1.57 ± 0.09 to 4.14 ± 0.21, whereas incorporation of hydrogenated vegetable oils and tallow showed 6.36 ± 0.03 to 14.10 ± 0.14. Nine local samples revealed RM values similar to external fat admixed samples. B2, B4, B5, L2–L8, and L10–L14 samples’ saponification values differed from the standard limits. Polenske, acid, Kirschner values and BR reading for L4, L6, L7, L8, L10, L12, L13, and L14 showed the worst results. All values varied significantly (p < 0.01). Local samples, L4, L6, L7, L8, L10, L12, L13, and L14, were assumed to be adulterated with external oils and fats. The quality of local ghee is questionable, as the samples contained more than 8% moisture, whereas pure ghee had less than 0.5% moisture.

Global warming has been increasing heat stress threat in animals, which can be monitored via the Temperature Humidity Index (THI). The present study describes the THI pattern and the relationship between THI and the production performances of dairy cows in a selected area of Bangladesh. The THI value was calculated using weather station data gathered over 35 years. Based on the THI pattern, January and June were identified as the coolest and hottest months, respectively. Consequently, the production performances of 10 crossbred cows with homogenous characteristics were monitored every January and June for a 5-year period. The average THI^MEAN was found to be 17% higher in June when compared to January; with this increment of THI^MEAN, average milk production was decreased by 24.4% (p < 0.05). The milk fat and protein content were also reduced (p < 0.05) by 14.5 and 15.2%, respectively, suggesting a negative correlation. However, ash content increased by 15.3%, which indicates a positive correlation. In addition, multiple regression analysis revealed that, with each point increase in THI^MEAN and rectal temperature, there was a decrease in milk yield of 0.04 and 1.17 kg ECM, respectively. In contrary, each point increase in THI^MEAN resulted in 0.059 °C increase of rectal temperature. Taken together, THI^MEAN calculated using meteorological station data has a distinct relationship with the production performances of lactating crossbred dairy cows.

Global warming has been increasing heat stress threat in animals which can be monitored by Temperature Humidity Index (THI). The present study describes the relationship of THI, calculated using 35 years period weather station data, and production performances of dairy cattle in a se-lected area of Bangladesh. The month January and June were identified as the coolest and hottest, respectively. Based on this outcome, every year in the month of January and June production performances of 10 crossbred cows with homogenous characteristics were monitored for a period of 5 years. The average THIMEAN value was found 17% higher in June as compared to January, and with this increment of THIMEAN average milk production was decreased 24.4% (p<0.05). The milk fat and protein content were also reduced (p<0.05) by 14.5 and 15.2%, respectively suggesting negative correlation as like as milk production. However, ash content was increased 15.3% that indicates a positive correlation. In addition, multiple regression analysis revealed each point increase in THIMEAN and rectal temperature, there was a decrease in milk yield 0.04 and 1.17 kg ECM, respectively. In contrary, each point increase in THIMEAN resulted 0.059 C increase of rectal temperature. Taken together, THIMEAN value calculated using metrological station data has distinct relationship with the production performances of lactating crossbred dairy cows.

This research aimed to explore the effect and mechanism of dietary methionine and lysine deficiency on autophagy of gastrointestinal tract and liver tissues. Thirty goats were divided into three groups: control (Con), methionine deficiency (MD), and lysine deficiency (LD) groups. The expression levels of autophagy marker proteins LC3 and p62 were analyzed by immunohistochemistry (n = 5), and mRNA expression levels of autophagy-related genes ATF4, FOXO3, Beclin-1, Atg13 and eIF2α were analyzed through qPCR. No significant differences were found for LC3, but optical density for p62 of jejunal mucosa in LD was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than Con and MD. The mRNA expression level of rumen epithelial ATF4 in LD was significantly higher compared to control and MD, but FOXO3 in LD was significantly higher than control (P < 0.01). In the jejunal mucosa, LD had the highest ATF4 mRNA expression level, while Beclin-1 mRNA expression level was lowest (P < 0.01) compared to control. Metabolomics of jejunal mucosa showed that sorbitol and N-acetylglucosamine in MD and DL-Homocystine and eight other metabolites in LD were significantly increased compared to control. Overall, the degradation process of autophagy was blocked in the jejunum when the diet was lacking of lysine in jejunum, and ATF4 was upregulated to maintain the metabolic balance of amino acids in rumen, jejunum and ileum. However, dietary MD primarily affected metabolic pathways rather than autophagy.