Buffalo milk has emerged as a promising substrate for probiotic dairy innovations due to its distinctive nutritional profile and diverse microbial community. This review critically examines the current knowledge on buffalo milk and its potential applications in developing functional probiotic dairy products. Buffalo milk offers a rich matrix of bioactive components, with higher levels of fat, vitamin A, and biotin, along with comparable calcium content but lower sodium levels relative to cow milk. These compositional differences may have implications for calcium absorption and retention. Lower sodium levels support calcium balance, whereas higher saturated fat content may reduce calcium absorption efficiency, highlighting the need for further study. The review explores the microbial diversity of buffalo milk, emphasizing the prevalence of lactic acid bacteria and other probiotic candidates, and discusses their suitability for use in fermented dairy products such as yoghurt, kefir, and cheese. Innovative processing strategies, including microencapsulation and non‐thermal technologies, are assessed for their roles in enhancing probiotic survival and product quality. Additionally, global regulatory frameworks and safety considerations for probiotic dairy products are outlined, along with advanced analytical approaches such as metagenomics and metabolomics for product evaluation. Despite its promising attributes, significant knowledge gaps remain, particularly regarding probiotic strain performance, nutrient bioavailability, consumer acceptance, and clinical validation of health benefits specific to buffalo milk‐based products. Addressing these gaps through targeted research will support the development of high‐value, health‐promoting functional dairy products derived from buffalo milk, particularly in regions where buffalo farming contributes to sustainable food systems.

Heat stress is a major concern for lactating dairy cows. This study evaluated the effects of heat stress on six Holstein-Friesian crossbred dairy cows exposed to three thermal conditions represented by the Temperature-Humidity Index (THI). These conditions included a baseline pre-treatment phase at THI-72, a heat stress treatment phase at THI-75 and THI-80, and a post-treatment recovery phase at THI-72. The duration of the heat stress treatment phase was 24 h. A total of four trials, each involving three cows, were conducted in an IoT-based climatic chamber to assess various physiological, hematological, biochemical, and production parameters across these phases. Compared to the baseline (THI-72), cows showed significant increases (p < 0.05) in rectal temperature (RT), heart rate (HR), respiration rate (RR), and water intake (WI) at both THI-75 and THI-80, with the highest elevations observed at THI-80 (RT: 5.1%, HR: 8.6%, RR: 23.5%, and WI: 19.1%). Feed intake declined significantly (p < 0.05) by 6.5% and 14.0%, and milk yield dropped by 5.3% and 14.7% at THI-75 and THI-80, respectively; milk fat and protein percentages decreased by 1.1-fold and 1.2-fold. Hemoglobin, platelet, and lymphocyte counts, along with biochemical parameters (excluding serum creatinine) also decreased significantly (p < 0.05). The different levels of THI influenced pairwise correlation patterns, with THI-75 showing intense interactions and THI-80 exhibiting greater variability. The findings highlight that Holstein-Friesian crossbred dairy cows are particularly vulnerable to heat stress, even with short-term exposure. This vulnerability can lead to economic losses for Bangladeshi dairy farmers rearing Holstein-Friesian crossbred cows.

Global warming has been increasing heat stress threat in animals, which can be monitored via the Temperature Humidity Index (THI). The present study describes the THI pattern and the relationship between THI and the production performances of dairy cows in a selected area of Bangladesh. The THI value was calculated using weather station data gathered over 35 years. Based on the THI pattern, January and June were identified as the coolest and hottest months, respectively. Consequently, the production performances of 10 crossbred cows with homogenous characteristics were monitored every January and June for a 5-year period. The average THI^MEAN was found to be 17% higher in June when compared to January; with this increment of THI^MEAN, average milk production was decreased by 24.4% (p < 0.05). The milk fat and protein content were also reduced (p < 0.05) by 14.5 and 15.2%, respectively, suggesting a negative correlation. However, ash content increased by 15.3%, which indicates a positive correlation. In addition, multiple regression analysis revealed that, with each point increase in THI^MEAN and rectal temperature, there was a decrease in milk yield of 0.04 and 1.17 kg ECM, respectively. In contrary, each point increase in THI^MEAN resulted in 0.059 °C increase of rectal temperature. Taken together, THI^MEAN calculated using meteorological station data has a distinct relationship with the production performances of lactating crossbred dairy cows.

This study reports the draft genome of Leuconostoc falkenbergense strain BSMRAU-M1L5, isolated from artisanal buffalo milk curd in Bangladesh. The draft genome spans 1,776,471 bp, with 50× coverage and 96 contigs.

Ionophores are naturally occurring polyether antibiotics that disrupt ion balance in bacterial cells by selectively transporting metal ions across lipid membranes, primarily affecting Gram-positive bacteria in the rumen. The use of ionophores as a feed additive in sustainable beef cattle production offers a promising and innovative solution to key challenges in livestock farming, such as enhancing feed efficiency, lowering methane emissions, and promoting animal health. However, their use is surrounded by several misconceptions, which can lead to confusion among consumers, policymakers, and even within the agricultural industry. This review aims to assess the advantages, disadvantages, and safety aspects of ionophore use in beef cattle production. Published literature related to ionophores in cattle diets and their effects was collected from PubMed, ScientificGate, Google Scholar, ResearchGate and Academia. Ionophores have been reported to reduce rumen disorders like bloat and acidosis. Ionophores reduce methane emissions by altering ruminal fermentation to favor propionate production over acetate and butyrate. Ionophores may exert varying effects depending on the animal, diet, and type and dose of ionophore administered. Studies suggest limited cross-resistance to medically important antibiotics. As ionophores are metabolized and excreted rapidly, it is expected to have minimal adverse effects on human health.Overall, ionophores are promising feed additives that may play a significant role in sustainable beef cattle production, offering producers the opportunity to improve profitability while reducing environmental risks.