Citrus aurantifolia is part of the Rutaceae family and belongs to the genus Citrus. It is widely used in food, the chemical industry, and pharmaceuticals because it has a unique flavor and odor. It is nutrient-rich and is beneficial as an antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and insecticide. Secondary metabolites present in C. aurantifolia are what give rise to biological action. Flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolics, limonoids, alkaloids, and essential oils are among the secondary metabolites/phytochemicals discovered in C. aurantifolia. Every portion of the plant’s C. aurantifolia has a different composition of secondary metabolites. Environmental conditions such as light and temperature affect the oxidative stability of the secondary metabolites from C. aurantifolia. The oxidative stability has been increased by using microencapsulation. The advantages of microencapsulation are control of the release, solubilization, and protection of the bioactive component. Therefore, the chemical makeup and biological functions of the various plant components of C. aurantifolia must be investigated. The aim of this review is to discuss the bioactive components of C. aurantifolia such as essential oils, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolic, limonoids, and alkaloids obtained from different parts of the plants and their biological activities such as being antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, an insecticide, and anti-inflammatory. In addition, various extraction techniques of the compounds out of different parts of the plant matrix as well as the microencapsulation of the bioactive components in food are also provided.

Essential oils (EOs) obtained from the Citrus genus were reported to exhibit good antimicrobial activity. Therefore, they can potentially be applied in daily necessities such as textile sectors as antibacterial functional fabric products. However, a packaging technique to retain such volatile and labile active substances is compulsory. In particular, microencapsulation was found to be a common coating technique employed to protect EOs from the effects of light, heat, humidity, stability, and controlled release of active substances. Various microencapsulation techniques have been introduced, but the most widely used method is complex coacervation, as it is simple, inexpensive, and capable of snaring high essential oils. Hence, this review focused on the microencapsulation of the most consumable citrus EOs with complex coacervation methods and their immobilization on commonly carried-out fabrics. In addition, it also discusses the isolation methods of the EOs, their chemical composition, and the mechanism of antibacterial action.

Indonesia is one of the largest producer of nutmeg oil (Myristica fragrans). This essential oil has a lot of usefulness for food and pharmaceutical industries, however antibacterial activity of Indonesian nutmeg oil has not been investigated yet. Antibacterial activity Myristica fragrans oil from two areas respectively (Sulawesi and Central Java) were investigated. The essential oils was extracted using water and steam distiller and then its antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria (gram-positive bacteria : Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermis, and gram-negative bacteria : Shigella Dysenteriae, Salmonella Typhi) was examined. Resistance pattern was studied by in vitro disc diffusion method using essential oil concentration 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%. The result showed that the two essential oils inhibited all bacteria. The highest inhibition zone on Central Java nutmeg oil was on 60% concentration of the oil (12.96 16.79, 13.46 and 16.50 mm for S. aureus, S. epidermis, S. dysenteriae, S. typhi respectively), while on Sulawesi nutmeg oil was on 100% concentration (18.84, 16.54, 17.84 and 12.54 mm for S. aureus, S. epidermis, S. dysenteriae, S. typhi respectively). Keywords: Antibacterial activity; Nutmeg oil; Central Java; Sulawesi

The main objective of this present research is to apply the near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) as a fast and non-destructive method in predicting moisture content (MC) and chlorogenic acid (CGA) of intact roasted coffee beans. Diffuse reflectance spectrum were acquired for bulk coffee beans samples (Arabica and Robusta) in wavelength range from 1000 to 2500 nm. Spectra data were corrected and enhanced using standard normal variate (SNV). Prediction models, used to predict MC and CGA of intact coffee beans, were developed and performed using combination of principal component analysis (PCA) and multiple linear regression (PCA+MLR). The results showed that NIRS can be used to predict MC and CGA content of intact coffee beans simultaneously and rapidly with maximum coefficient correlation (r) were 0.92 for MC and 0.93 for CGA, whereas residual predictive deviation (RPD) indexed were 3.67 and 3.87 for MC and CGA content respectively. Based on the obtained results, it may conclude that near infrared spectroscopy can be applied in coffee quality evaluation especially to predict moisture content and chlorogenic acid. NIRS can be used and an alternative fast and non-destructive method bypassing standard laboratory procedures.

Hand washing with soap is important because it is proven to clean hands from germs and bacteria. The paper soapswere made from coconut oil and virgin coconut oil (VCO) with the addition of glycerin as a plasticizer. The aims of this research were to determine both formulation of paper soap using coconut oil and VCO based with addition of glycerin, and to determine the quality of the paper soapswhich is a disposable hand soap. This research used laboratory experimental method using descriptive analysis. The treatments of this research were treatment A (paper soap without the addition of glycerin), treatment B (paper soap with the addition of glycerin 10% (w/w)), treatment C (paper soap with the addition of glycerin 15% (w/w)), treatment D (paper soap with the addition of glycerin of 20% (w/w)). Parameters tested were moisture content, stability of foam, pH value, insoluble material in ethanol, free alkali content, unsaponified fat, antibacterial activity test, and organoleptic test. The result of physicochemical characteristics for bothcoconut oil-paper soap and VCO-paper soap revealed that treatment C (the addition of glycerin 15% (w/w) was the best soap formulation. Coconut Oil papersoap 15% w/w glicerin had water content 13.72%, the content of insoluble material in ethanol 3.93%, the content of free alkali 0.21%, and the content of unsaponified fat 4.06%, pH value 10.78, stability of foam 97.77%, and antibacterial activity against S. aureus 11.66 mm. Meanwhile, VCO paper soap 15% w/w glicerin had the value of water content of 18.47%, the value stability of foam of 96.7%, the pH value of 10.03, the value of insoluble material in ethanol of 3.49%, the value of free alkali content 0.17%, the value of unsaponified fat 4.91%, and the value of inhibition diameter on the antibacterial activity test 15.28 mm. Based on Mandatory Indonesian National Standard of solid soap SNI 3532:2016 showed that both of paper soap had not been accorded with SNI 3532:2016, unless the value of the insoluble material in ethanol. Moreover, organoleptic tests performed that both paper soap treatment D (20% w/w glicerine) were preferred by the most panelists.