We deposited tin sulfide (–oxide) films by the electrochemical deposition (ECD) from an aqueous solution containing SnSO₄ and Na₂S₂O₃. This technique is simple and cost-effective, and the films can be deposited on a large area with reasonable quality. We used a new potential pulse form called the three-step pulse, consisting of reduction (deposition), oxidation (dissolution), and intermediate (diffusion) steps. We optimized the diffusion step potential considering the surface morphology, and found that under optimized pulse conditions, surface morphology and photosensitivity were improved compared with those in the two-step pulse case. Considering the current profile during deposition, the effects of introducing the diffusion step on both surface morphology and film composition were discussed in details.

The influence of volume ratio of liquid to Solid and low pouring temperature on interface structure of cast Babbitt-steel bimetal composite was evaluated for static casting technique. At low pouring temperature of 380 °C, Babbitt microstructures are improved to be finer and more globular. On the other side pouring the Babbitt at low pouring temperature of 380 °C increases the chance of present higher unbonded area percent. Increasing the volume ratio of liquid to solid decreases the Sn-Pb interface thicknesses and increases the bonded interface area. In order to optimize the production of Babbitt-steel bimetal composite at low pouring temperature, the volume ratio of liquid Babbitt to solid steel shell should be higher value that could be more than 5 depending on the extrapolation of current data presented.

The development of nanomaterials and nanotechnology enables the production of nanosized metallic alloys with advanced characteristics from their oxides via a thermal reduction technique. The aim of the present work was to produce metallic iron, nickel, and tungsten through the gaseous reduction of nanosized metal oxide powders as a preliminary step towards the fabrication of nanosized heavy tungsten alloys with unique properties. Nanosized NiO, Fe₂O₃, and WO₃ were isothermally and non-isothermally reduced with H₂, and the oxygen weight loss was continuously recorded as a function of time. The Thermogravimetric TG-DTA technique was applied in the non-isothermal reduction up to 1000 °C. The reduction extents were calculated from the TG curve, whereas the accompanying heat of the reaction was measured from the DTA curve. The results revealed that NiO was reduced at <420 °C, Fe₂O₃ was reduced at 950 °C. In the isothermal process, metal oxides were reduced with H₂ at 700–1000 °C; a micro-force balance was used and the O₂ weight loss was continuously recorded. At a given temperature, the rate of reduction increased in the order NiO > Fe₂O₃ > WO₃. The nano-oxide powders and the reduced products were physically and chemically characterized. The activation energy (Ea) values were computed from the isothermal reduction in the initial and later stages to elucidate the corresponding reduction mechanism. The Ea values indicated that the reduction of metal oxides was controlled by the gas diffusion mechanism at both the initial and later stages of reduction. The results of the present study determined the optimal operation parameters at which the thermal gaseous reduction technique could be applied for preparing metallic alloys from nanosized metal oxides.