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Dr. Emanuele Quaranta
European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy

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0 Green Roofs
0 Hydropower
0 Turbines
0 Kaplan
0 hydraulic engineering

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Hydropower
WATER WHEEL
Turbines
Kaplan
Hydropower plants
Fishway
Urban greening
Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD)
FISH FRIENDLY
MICRO HYDROPOWER

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Earlycite article
Published: 17 August 2021 in Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development
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Purpose The paper presents a techno-economic analysis of the electromechanical equipment of traditional vertical axis water mills (VAWMs) to help investors, mill owners and engineers to preliminary estimate related benefits and costs of a VAWM repowering. Design/methodology/approach Two sustainable repowering solutions were examined with the additional aim to preserve the original status and aesthetics of a VAWM: the use of a vertical axis water wheel (VAWW) and a vertical axis impulse turbine. The analysis was applied to a database of 714 VAWMs in Basilicata (Italy), with known head and flow. Findings Expeditious equations were proposed for both solutions to determine: (1) a suitable diameter as a function of the flow rate; (2) the costs of the electromechanical equipment; (3) achievable power. The common operating hydraulic range of a VAWM (head and flow) was also identified. Reality checks on the obtained results are shown, in particular by examining two Spanish case studies and the available literature. The power generated by the impulse turbine (Turgo type) is twice that of a VAWW, but it is one order of magnitude more expensive. Therefore, the impulse turbine should be used for higher power requirements (>3 kW), or when the electricity is delivered to the grid, maximizing the long-term profit. Originality/value Since there is not enough evidence about the achievable performance and cost of a VAWM repowering, this work provides expeditious tools for their evaluation.

ACS Style

Emanuele Quaranta; Toni Pujol; Maria Carmela Grano. The repowering of vertical axis water mills preserving their cultural heritage: techno-economic analysis with water wheels and Turgo turbines. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development 2021, ahead-of-p, 1 .

AMA Style

Emanuele Quaranta, Toni Pujol, Maria Carmela Grano. The repowering of vertical axis water mills preserving their cultural heritage: techno-economic analysis with water wheels and Turgo turbines. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development. 2021; ahead-of-p (ahead-of-p):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emanuele Quaranta; Toni Pujol; Maria Carmela Grano. 2021. "The repowering of vertical axis water mills preserving their cultural heritage: techno-economic analysis with water wheels and Turgo turbines." Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development ahead-of-p, no. ahead-of-p: 1.

Journal article
Published: 09 June 2021 in Scientific Reports
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Urban greening is an effective mitigation option for climate change in urban areas. In this contribution, a European Union (EU)-wide assessment is presented to quantify the benefits of urban greening in terms of availability of green water, reduction of cooling costs and CO2 sequestration from the atmosphere, for different climatic scenarios. Results show that greening of 35% of the EU’s urban surface (i.e. more than 26,000 km2) would avoid up to 55.8 Mtons year−1 CO2 equivalent of greenhouse gas emissions, reducing energy demand for the cooling of buildings in summer by up to 92 TWh per year, with a net present value (NPV) of more than 364 billion Euro. It would also transpire about 10 km3 year−1 of rain water, turning into “green” water about 17.5% of the “blue” water that is now urban runoff, helping reduce pollution of the receiving water bodies and urban flooding. The greening of urban surfaces would decrease their summer temperature by 2.5–6 °C, with a mitigation of the urban heat island effect estimated to have a NPV of 221 billion Euro over a period of 40 years. The monetized benefits cover less than half of the estimated costs of greening, having a NPV of 1323 billion Euro on the same period. Net of the monetized benefits, the cost of greening 26,000 km2 of urban surfaces in Europe is estimated around 60 Euro year−1 per European urban resident. The additional benefits of urban greening related to biodiversity, water quality, health, wellbeing and other aspects, although not monetized in this study, might be worth such extra cost. When this is the case, urban greening represents a multifunctional, no-regret, cost-effective solution.

ACS Style

Emanuele Quaranta; Chiara Dorati; Alberto Pistocchi. Water, energy and climate benefits of urban greening throughout Europe under different climatic scenarios. Scientific Reports 2021, 11, 1 -10.

AMA Style

Emanuele Quaranta, Chiara Dorati, Alberto Pistocchi. Water, energy and climate benefits of urban greening throughout Europe under different climatic scenarios. Scientific Reports. 2021; 11 (1):1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emanuele Quaranta; Chiara Dorati; Alberto Pistocchi. 2021. "Water, energy and climate benefits of urban greening throughout Europe under different climatic scenarios." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1: 1-10.

Journal article
Published: 20 January 2021 in Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies
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This study considers daily time series of 14 years of weather parameters (temperature, wind speed, rainfall, vapor pressure and radiation) for 671 functional urban areas (FUA) across Europe, from a latitude of 35° (Cyprus) to 65° (Finland). Quantification of urban greening effects usually requires relatively complex and integrated models. In this contribution, we apply well-established hydrological, biomass and energy balance equations to derive meta-models for the estimation of runoff reduction, urban surface heating and thermal protection of buildings, in order to quantify the effects of the greening of 1 m2 of impervious surface (e.g. roofs, sealed ground surfaces and underground parking lots). We propose empirical meta-models for the quick appraisal of urban greening benefits including: urban runoff reduction due to soil water retention and evapotranspiration, land surface temperature reduction, reduction of the indoor temperature beneath the greened surface, dry biomass growth. We show that the choice of vegetation growth parameters has a limited effect on the results, although the amount of produced bulk biomass obviously depends on vegetation type. The proposed meta-models can be applied for the assessment of urban greening benefits at the stage of policy evaluation, land planning and the programming of investments at regional or continental scale, before undertaking more detailed and site-specific calculations as required in the design phase.

ACS Style

Emanuele Quaranta; Chiara Dorati; Alberto Pistocchi. Meta-models for rapid appraisal of the benefits of urban greening in the European context. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies 2021, 34, 100772 .

AMA Style

Emanuele Quaranta, Chiara Dorati, Alberto Pistocchi. Meta-models for rapid appraisal of the benefits of urban greening in the European context. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies. 2021; 34 ():100772.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emanuele Quaranta; Chiara Dorati; Alberto Pistocchi. 2021. "Meta-models for rapid appraisal of the benefits of urban greening in the European context." Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies 34, no. : 100772.

Journal article
Published: 10 December 2020 in Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments
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Water wheels are low head hydropower converters considered fish friendly, although their ecological behavior has not been scientifically assessed. The results presented in the available reports are not generalized (thus hardly applicable in engineering applications), and they have not been performed at different hydraulic conditions or wheel characteristics. This work reviews available information on the ecological performance of water wheels to define the state of the art. To generalize and interpret results, a blade-strike theoretical model is developed and calibrated on field tests conducted in Germany on ten water wheels, that represent the most systematic and comprehensive series of tests. The dimensionless time T* (ratio between time needed for a fish of a certain size to access the bucket and the time for filling the bucket) and the geometric-hydraulic parameter α were identified as key parameters to estimate the ecological behavior of horizontal axis water wheels. The average injury likelihood induced by the blade strike on fish was 0.34% and 3.56% for T* < 1 and T* > 1, respectively, while the average mortality likelihood is 29% of the injury likelihood for T* < 1, and 26% for T* > 1, corresponding to a fish mortality rate of 0.10% and 0.94%, respectively. The concept of T* was applied to a dataset of water wheels in operation to estimate their compatibility with fish passage.

ACS Style

Emanuele Quaranta; Christian Wolter. Sustainability assessment of hydropower water wheels with downstream migrating fish and blade strike modelling. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 2020, 43, 100943 .

AMA Style

Emanuele Quaranta, Christian Wolter. Sustainability assessment of hydropower water wheels with downstream migrating fish and blade strike modelling. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments. 2020; 43 ():100943.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emanuele Quaranta; Christian Wolter. 2020. "Sustainability assessment of hydropower water wheels with downstream migrating fish and blade strike modelling." Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 43, no. : 100943.

Review
Published: 26 October 2020 in Sustainability
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Hydropower remains a key renewable energy source in the pursuit of the decarbonization of the economy, although the relatively high potential impact of the hydro-morphological alterations it may cause poses significant concerns for aquatic ecosystems. In the last years, new technologies and practices have been increasingly adopted to minimize the impacts of hydropower plants, while improving efficiency and flexibility of energy generation. The overall effect of these innovations may be a more sustainable design and operation of hydropower, striking a better balance between the objectives of decarbonization and ecosystem protection. This contribution presents and discusses a few representative examples of hydropower installations from companies in Italy, France, Switzerland, Belgium and the USA, where solutions have been adopted in this direction. The case studies cover (1) ecologically improved and low head hydropower converters (Vortex turbine, Hydrostatic Pressure Machine, VLH and Girard-optimized turbines, hydrokinetic turbines), hydropeaking reduction (2) new control systems, governors and digitalization, (3) hydropower as a strategy for local sustainable development and (4) energy recovery in existing hydraulic infrastructures and aqueducts. It was found that better-governing systems can extend the life span of runners, for example avoiding the runner uplift during a trip. Digitalization can improve efficiency by 1.2%. New sustainable practices and turbines with better ecological behavior can minimize environmental impacts, like the reduction of fish mortality, improvement of fish habitat availability, reduction of oil for lubrication purposes and generation of economic incomes for local development. The use of existing structures reduces the total installation cost: examples are the total saving of 277 €/kW by reusing irrigation pipes and reservoirs, or the reduction of the investment period from 9 years to 6 years by turbining the environmental flow. Innovative low head hydropower converters can exhibit good ecological behavior, with reduced costs (<5000 €/kW) especially when installed in existing weirs. Results are discussed, contextualized and generalized to provide engineering data and tools to support future realizations of similar case studies; normalized costs, efficiency improvement, best practices and new technologies are discussed.

ACS Style

Emanuele Quaranta; Manuel Bonjean; Damiano Cuvato; Christophe Nicolet; Matthieu Dreyer; Anthony Gaspoz; Samuel Rey-Mermet; Bruno Boulicaut; Luigi Pratalata; Marco Pinelli; Giuseppe Tomaselli; Paolo Pinamonti; Raffael Pichler; Paolo Turin; Daniele Turrin; Jason Foust; Bradly Trumbo; Martin Ahmann; Marc Modersitzki; Susy Kist; Cecilia Mosca; Carlo Malerba; Ada Francesconi; Ivan Casoli; Raffaele Ferrari; Vittoria Stefani; Marco Scibetta; Lorenza Meucci; Walter Gostner; Riccardo Bergamin; Francesco De Pretto; Davide Turcato; Vincent Kocher; Pierre Lefaucheux; Abdelali Elmaataoui; Mario Mariucci; Prakriteesh Sarma; Geert Slachmuylders; Riccardo Clementi; Fabio Pasut; Nicola Bragato. Hydropower Case Study Collection: Innovative Low Head and Ecologically Improved Turbines, Hydropower in Existing Infrastructures, Hydropeaking Reduction, Digitalization and Governing Systems. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8873 .

AMA Style

Emanuele Quaranta, Manuel Bonjean, Damiano Cuvato, Christophe Nicolet, Matthieu Dreyer, Anthony Gaspoz, Samuel Rey-Mermet, Bruno Boulicaut, Luigi Pratalata, Marco Pinelli, Giuseppe Tomaselli, Paolo Pinamonti, Raffael Pichler, Paolo Turin, Daniele Turrin, Jason Foust, Bradly Trumbo, Martin Ahmann, Marc Modersitzki, Susy Kist, Cecilia Mosca, Carlo Malerba, Ada Francesconi, Ivan Casoli, Raffaele Ferrari, Vittoria Stefani, Marco Scibetta, Lorenza Meucci, Walter Gostner, Riccardo Bergamin, Francesco De Pretto, Davide Turcato, Vincent Kocher, Pierre Lefaucheux, Abdelali Elmaataoui, Mario Mariucci, Prakriteesh Sarma, Geert Slachmuylders, Riccardo Clementi, Fabio Pasut, Nicola Bragato. Hydropower Case Study Collection: Innovative Low Head and Ecologically Improved Turbines, Hydropower in Existing Infrastructures, Hydropeaking Reduction, Digitalization and Governing Systems. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (21):8873.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emanuele Quaranta; Manuel Bonjean; Damiano Cuvato; Christophe Nicolet; Matthieu Dreyer; Anthony Gaspoz; Samuel Rey-Mermet; Bruno Boulicaut; Luigi Pratalata; Marco Pinelli; Giuseppe Tomaselli; Paolo Pinamonti; Raffael Pichler; Paolo Turin; Daniele Turrin; Jason Foust; Bradly Trumbo; Martin Ahmann; Marc Modersitzki; Susy Kist; Cecilia Mosca; Carlo Malerba; Ada Francesconi; Ivan Casoli; Raffaele Ferrari; Vittoria Stefani; Marco Scibetta; Lorenza Meucci; Walter Gostner; Riccardo Bergamin; Francesco De Pretto; Davide Turcato; Vincent Kocher; Pierre Lefaucheux; Abdelali Elmaataoui; Mario Mariucci; Prakriteesh Sarma; Geert Slachmuylders; Riccardo Clementi; Fabio Pasut; Nicola Bragato. 2020. "Hydropower Case Study Collection: Innovative Low Head and Ecologically Improved Turbines, Hydropower in Existing Infrastructures, Hydropeaking Reduction, Digitalization and Governing Systems." Sustainability 12, no. 21: 8873.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2020 in Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
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Overshot water wheels are hydropower converters generally employed for head differences up to 6 m and maximum flow rates of 150−200 L/s per meter width. The maximum hydraulic efficiency (80%–85%) is constant for rotational speeds below the critical speed, whereas the efficiency linearly decreases at higher rotational speeds due to the increase of water losses at the inflow. To improve the efficiency when the rotational speed is above the critical speed, an improved geometric design was investigated by implementing a theoretical model validated using experimental results. The new geometry consists of a circular wall around the periphery of overshot water wheels. The wall redirects into the buckets the water flow that is lost at the inflow, improving the efficiency up to 1.5 times at high rotational speeds.

ACS Style

Emanuele Quaranta; Roberto Revelli. Performance Optimization of Overshot Water Wheels at High Rotational Speeds for Hydropower Applications. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 2020, 146, 06020011 .

AMA Style

Emanuele Quaranta, Roberto Revelli. Performance Optimization of Overshot Water Wheels at High Rotational Speeds for Hydropower Applications. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 2020; 146 (9):06020011.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emanuele Quaranta; Roberto Revelli. 2020. "Performance Optimization of Overshot Water Wheels at High Rotational Speeds for Hydropower Applications." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 146, no. 9: 06020011.

Journal article
Published: 22 June 2020 in Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments
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Water wheels are hydropower converters installed in sites with heads typically below 6 m. Due to their low environmental impacts and costs, water wheels are sustainable technologies. The estimation of their weight is essential to quantify construction and transportation costs, and the load on the ground. The weight estimation of a water wheel is the aim of the present study. A short-cut equation, relating the wheel weight to head and flow rate, is derived by collecting and analysing a database of existing water wheels. A qualitative comparison with analogous equations for Kaplan and Francis turbines is shown, illustrating the similarity between water wheels and Francis turbines. The proposed equations can be used in civil engineering applications to estimate the permanent load of a water wheel, while the collected database can be used for elaborations and validations in future researches and projects.

ACS Style

Emanuele Quaranta. Estimation of the permanent weight load of water wheels for civil engineering and hydropower applications and dataset collection. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 2020, 40, 100776 .

AMA Style

Emanuele Quaranta. Estimation of the permanent weight load of water wheels for civil engineering and hydropower applications and dataset collection. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments. 2020; 40 ():100776.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emanuele Quaranta. 2020. "Estimation of the permanent weight load of water wheels for civil engineering and hydropower applications and dataset collection." Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 40, no. : 100776.

Journal article
Published: 09 June 2020 in Current Trends in Civil & Structural Engineering
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ACS Style

Emanuele Quaranta. The Revival of Old Hydraulic Turbines for Innovative Hydropower Generation: Water Wheels, Archimedes Screws, Deriaz and Girard Turbines. Current Trends in Civil & Structural Engineering 2020, 5, 1 -4.

AMA Style

Emanuele Quaranta. The Revival of Old Hydraulic Turbines for Innovative Hydropower Generation: Water Wheels, Archimedes Screws, Deriaz and Girard Turbines. Current Trends in Civil & Structural Engineering. 2020; 5 (5):1-4.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emanuele Quaranta. 2020. "The Revival of Old Hydraulic Turbines for Innovative Hydropower Generation: Water Wheels, Archimedes Screws, Deriaz and Girard Turbines." Current Trends in Civil & Structural Engineering 5, no. 5: 1-4.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2020 in Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
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ACS Style

Emanuele Quaranta. Erratum for “Optimal Rotational Speed of Kaplan and Francis Turbines with Focus on Low-Head Hydropower Applications and Dataset Collection” by Emanuele Quaranta. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 2020, 146, 08220001 .

AMA Style

Emanuele Quaranta. Erratum for “Optimal Rotational Speed of Kaplan and Francis Turbines with Focus on Low-Head Hydropower Applications and Dataset Collection” by Emanuele Quaranta. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 2020; 146 (4):08220001.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emanuele Quaranta. 2020. "Erratum for “Optimal Rotational Speed of Kaplan and Francis Turbines with Focus on Low-Head Hydropower Applications and Dataset Collection” by Emanuele Quaranta." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 146, no. 4: 08220001.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2020 in Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
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A rotary hydrostatic pressure machine (RHPM) is a hydropower converter for very low head applications (less than 2.5 m). An RHPM can be installed in straight canals, because its wheel can generate a hydraulic head as a result of the created dam effect. Some new experimental results on an RHPM are presented in this paper. Because of the asymmetric shape of the wheel, the effects of the canal width and the lateral position of the wheel inside the canal have been studied. The water entrance process has been found to be very sensitive to the presence of the canal walls: the results pertaining to the side of the wheel where the blades touch the water first show that the minimum distance between the canal wall and the side of the wheel should be 0.3 times the width of the wheel in order to maintain optimal wheel performance. Upstream and downstream water level variations have also been studied. Higher upstream water levels than the water levels adopted in previous studies (coincident with the upper edge of the hub) can lead to benefits. The results shown in this manuscript may be useful for practical applications in order to understand the optimal position of an RHPM inside a canal, the minimum canal width, and the optimal water levels.

ACS Style

Ilaria Butera; Stefano Fontan; Davide Poggi; Emanuele Quaranta; Roberto Revelli. Experimental Analysis of Effect of Canal Geometry and Water Levels on Rotary Hydrostatic Pressure Machine. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 2020, 146, 04019071 .

AMA Style

Ilaria Butera, Stefano Fontan, Davide Poggi, Emanuele Quaranta, Roberto Revelli. Experimental Analysis of Effect of Canal Geometry and Water Levels on Rotary Hydrostatic Pressure Machine. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 2020; 146 (3):04019071.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ilaria Butera; Stefano Fontan; Davide Poggi; Emanuele Quaranta; Roberto Revelli. 2020. "Experimental Analysis of Effect of Canal Geometry and Water Levels on Rotary Hydrostatic Pressure Machine." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 146, no. 3: 04019071.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2019 in Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
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The rotational speed estimation of Francis and Kaplan turbines is of primary importance in the design of hydropower plants. However, most rotational speed equations were conceived for power outputs higher than 1 MW, i.e., for heads typically higher than 10 m for Kaplan turbines and 50 m for Francis turbines. Therefore, the accuracy of these equations is low when applied to reaction turbines with power outputs below 1 MW (mini-hydropower), which means the personal know-how of hydropower companies is generally used to select rotational speed. In light of this, a database composed of hundreds of full-scale Francis and Kaplan miniturbines was collected. Full-scale data were used in combination with the Buckingham π-theorem to determine a nondimensional equation for the rotational speed estimation of collected turbines. Flow rate and head were used as input variables. The dimensional analysis was also extended to high-head Kaplan and Francis turbines. A universal equation valid for both Francis and Kaplan turbines was obtained. Finally, the dimensionless terms obtained from the analysis were proposed as characteristic numbers for the selection of the hydraulic turbine type. The new equations were proposed as engineering tools for the design of hydroturbines.

ACS Style

Emanuele Quaranta. Optimal Rotational Speed of Kaplan and Francis Turbines with Focus on Low-Head Hydropower Applications and Dataset Collection. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 2019, 145, 04019043 .

AMA Style

Emanuele Quaranta. Optimal Rotational Speed of Kaplan and Francis Turbines with Focus on Low-Head Hydropower Applications and Dataset Collection. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 2019; 145 (12):04019043.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emanuele Quaranta. 2019. "Optimal Rotational Speed of Kaplan and Francis Turbines with Focus on Low-Head Hydropower Applications and Dataset Collection." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 145, no. 12: 04019043.

Technical note
Published: 12 November 2019 in Journal of Hydraulic Research
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Undershot water wheels are hydropower converters for head differences between 0.5 and 1.5 m. The Zuppinger and Sagebien types are the most used and efficient. Optimal rotational speeds depend on the head difference and on the flow rate: hence, in variable flow rate applications, the variable rotational speed is needed to optimize the performance, requiring expensive power take-off systems. In light of this, the use of adjustable inflow weirs was tested on Zuppinger and Sagebien wheels. Different flow rates were tested, each one with an inflow weir height chosen to maintain the upstream water level constant through the tests. The first aim was to increase the power at very low flows. The second aim was to maintain the range of optimal rotational speeds as narrow as possible over the flow rate range. The maximum acceptable weir height ranged between 1:15 and 1:10 of the wheel’s radius.

ACS Style

Emanuele Quaranta; Gerald Müller. Optimization of undershot water wheels in very low and variable flow rate applications. Journal of Hydraulic Research 2019, 58, 845 -849.

AMA Style

Emanuele Quaranta, Gerald Müller. Optimization of undershot water wheels in very low and variable flow rate applications. Journal of Hydraulic Research. 2019; 58 (5):845-849.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emanuele Quaranta; Gerald Müller. 2019. "Optimization of undershot water wheels in very low and variable flow rate applications." Journal of Hydraulic Research 58, no. 5: 845-849.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2019 in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
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ACS Style

Ioannis Kougias; George Aggidis; François Avellan; Sabri Deniz; Urban Lundin; Alberto Moro; Sebastian Muntean; Daniele Novara; Juan Ignacio Pérez-Díaz; Emanuele Quaranta; Philippe Schild; Nicolaos Theodossiou. Analysis of emerging technologies in the hydropower sector. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2019, 113, 1 .

AMA Style

Ioannis Kougias, George Aggidis, François Avellan, Sabri Deniz, Urban Lundin, Alberto Moro, Sebastian Muntean, Daniele Novara, Juan Ignacio Pérez-Díaz, Emanuele Quaranta, Philippe Schild, Nicolaos Theodossiou. Analysis of emerging technologies in the hydropower sector. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2019; 113 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ioannis Kougias; George Aggidis; François Avellan; Sabri Deniz; Urban Lundin; Alberto Moro; Sebastian Muntean; Daniele Novara; Juan Ignacio Pérez-Díaz; Emanuele Quaranta; Philippe Schild; Nicolaos Theodossiou. 2019. "Analysis of emerging technologies in the hydropower sector." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 113, no. : 1.

Research article
Published: 22 May 2019 in River Research and Applications
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Vertical slot fishways (VSFs) are the most efficient and least selective typology of technical fish passage, due to their ability to remain effective even when significant upstream and/or downstream water level fluctuations occur. Fishway construction costs can be reduced by increasing its bed slope, but this affects the flow field inside the pools, with higher head drops between the basins, as well as turbulence levels and flow velocities, which may affect fish passage. In light of this, a VSF was investigated by 3D numerical simulations to identify the possible effects of the bed slope (using values from 1.67% to 10%) on the flow field and subsequent implications for fish passage. A particular focus was devoted to cyprinind species, but the results can be extended to other species of similar swimming abilities and, therefore, be applicable to multispecies rivers. Flow velocity and turbulence values such as turbulent kinetic energy and Reynolds stresses were analysed from a fish passage perspective in relation to threshold values derived from previous studies. Pool areas where turbulence values are compatible with fish ability and behaviour were quantified. Maps of the location of fish‐friendly zones in the VSF pools were produced and can constitute a reference for practical applications in fishway design. The flow field generated with bed slopes lower than 6.67% is more compatible with fish swimming capabilities, because it exhibits a predominantly 2D behaviour and more suitable hydraulic conditions, whereas at higher slopes, turbulence levels in the pools increase.

ACS Style

Emanuele Quaranta; Christos Katopodis; Claudio Comoglio. Effects of bed slope on the flow field of vertical slot fishways. River Research and Applications 2019, 1 .

AMA Style

Emanuele Quaranta, Christos Katopodis, Claudio Comoglio. Effects of bed slope on the flow field of vertical slot fishways. River Research and Applications. 2019; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emanuele Quaranta; Christos Katopodis; Claudio Comoglio. 2019. "Effects of bed slope on the flow field of vertical slot fishways." River Research and Applications , no. : 1.

Review
Published: 07 September 2018 in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
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Nowadays, due to the need for clean energy and sustainable electricity production, hydropower plays a central role in satisfying the energy demand. Particularly, use of low head micro hydropower plants is spreading worldwide, due to their low payback periods and good environmental sustainability. Gravity water wheels are micro hydropower converters typically used in sites with heads less than 6 m and discharges of a few cubic meters per second. Although water wheels were scientifically investigated as far back as the eighteenth century, they were largely ignored throughout the twentieth century, and only in the last two decades has there been a renewed interest in their use among the scientific community. In this paper a review on gravity water wheels is presented, distinguishing between undershot, breastshot and overshot water wheels. Water wheels technology is discussed focusing on geometric and hydraulic design; data and engineering equations found in historic books of the nineteenth century are also presented. Water wheels' performance is described examining experimental results, and modern theoretical models for efficiency estimation are presented. Finally, results achieved through experiments and numerical simulations were discussed with the aim of optimizing the performance of gravity water wheels. The results showed that maximum efficiency of overshot and undershot water wheels was around 85%, while that of breastshot water wheels ranged from 75% to 80%, depending on inflow configuration. Maximum efficiency of modern water wheels can be maintained at such high values over a wider range of flow rates and hydraulic conditions with respect to older installations. Hence well designed water wheels can be considered as efficient and cost-effective micro hydropower converters.

ACS Style

Emanuele Quaranta; Roberto Revelli. Gravity water wheels as a micro hydropower energy source: A review based on historic data, design methods, efficiencies and modern optimizations. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2018, 97, 414 -427.

AMA Style

Emanuele Quaranta, Roberto Revelli. Gravity water wheels as a micro hydropower energy source: A review based on historic data, design methods, efficiencies and modern optimizations. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2018; 97 ():414-427.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emanuele Quaranta; Roberto Revelli. 2018. "Gravity water wheels as a micro hydropower energy source: A review based on historic data, design methods, efficiencies and modern optimizations." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 97, no. : 414-427.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2018 in Energy for Sustainable Development
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Water wheels were the earliest hydraulic machines used in antiquity to convert water energy into mechanical one. Due to their simple installation, low maintenance costs, and thanks to the possibility to use local manpower and material for their construction, nowadays water wheels are again used as energy supply, especially in remote localities and emerging countries. In particular, stream water wheels are installed in flowing water where there are not head differences. The performance depends on the blockage ratio, so that they can be subdivided into three main categories: stream wheels in shallow subcritical flow, shallow supercritical flow and deep flow. In this paper, experimental, theoretical and numerical data on stream water wheels were systematically collected from literature and analyzed. Guidelines for their design were discussed focusing especially on wheel dimensions, supporting structures, blades and speed. More light on their hydraulic behavior was shed, adopting the previous classification for a better explanation and understanding. Results showed that in shallow water an head difference can be generated by the wheel, increasing the power output. In deep flow, accurate hydrodynamic floating/supporting structures allow the hydrostatic force of water to be exploited in addition to the kinetic energy of the flow. As a consequence, power output can improve from 0.5 to more than 10 kW per meter width, so that stream wheels can represent an attractive energy supply in zero head sites.

ACS Style

Emanuele Quaranta. Stream water wheels as renewable energy supply in flowing water: Theoretical considerations, performance assessment and design recommendations. Energy for Sustainable Development 2018, 45, 96 -109.

AMA Style

Emanuele Quaranta. Stream water wheels as renewable energy supply in flowing water: Theoretical considerations, performance assessment and design recommendations. Energy for Sustainable Development. 2018; 45 ():96-109.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emanuele Quaranta. 2018. "Stream water wheels as renewable energy supply in flowing water: Theoretical considerations, performance assessment and design recommendations." Energy for Sustainable Development 45, no. : 96-109.

Journal article
Published: 25 January 2018 in Journal of Hydraulic Research
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ACS Style

Emanuele Quaranta; Gerald Müller. Sagebien and Zuppinger water wheels for very low head hydropower applications. Journal of Hydraulic Research 2018, 56, 526 -536.

AMA Style

Emanuele Quaranta, Gerald Müller. Sagebien and Zuppinger water wheels for very low head hydropower applications. Journal of Hydraulic Research. 2018; 56 (4):526-536.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emanuele Quaranta; Gerald Müller. 2018. "Sagebien and Zuppinger water wheels for very low head hydropower applications." Journal of Hydraulic Research 56, no. 4: 526-536.

Article
Published: 25 August 2017 in River Research and Applications
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Fishways are hydraulic structures that allow passage of fish across obstructions in rivers. Vertical slot fishways—VSFs—are considered the most efficient and least selective type of technical fishway solutions, especially due to their ability to remain effective even when significant upstream and/or downstream water level fluctuations occur. The scope of the present study is to perform numerical simulations in order to investigate and compare the hydraulic turbulent flow field in a standard and a simplified version of the most common VSF design. Implications in relation to fish swimming behaviour and fish passage performance are discussed. Different water depths (as well as discharges) were investigated, using a bed slope of 5%, as a reference for low-gradient VSFs with a very limited selectivity that can be used in multispecies rivers in grayling-barbel regions. Results show that maximum values of velocity, turbulent kinetic energy, and Reynolds stresses are higher in the standard design. However, corresponding to slot geometry and orientation, the direction of the main jet in the simplified design is more inclined towards the left side of the pool. This causes the eddy to split into 2 smaller ones; the minimum eddy dimension is reduced from 0.4–0.5 to 0.2–0.3 m. These dimensions are detrimental for fish passage efficiency, being more comparable with fish length (0.15–0.40 m), thus affecting migrating fish stability and orientation. Furthermore, the standard design provides a more straightforward upstream path and wider areas of low flow velocities and turbulence, useful for fish resting. Therefore, it is recommended that the standard design should be preferred over its simplified version, even if its construction costs are around 10–15% higher than the simplified one.

ACS Style

Emanuele Quaranta; C. Katopodis; R. Revelli; C. Comoglio. Turbulent flow field comparison and related suitability for fish passage of a standard and a simplified low-gradient vertical slot fishway. River Research and Applications 2017, 33, 1295 -1305.

AMA Style

Emanuele Quaranta, C. Katopodis, R. Revelli, C. Comoglio. Turbulent flow field comparison and related suitability for fish passage of a standard and a simplified low-gradient vertical slot fishway. River Research and Applications. 2017; 33 (8):1295-1305.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emanuele Quaranta; C. Katopodis; R. Revelli; C. Comoglio. 2017. "Turbulent flow field comparison and related suitability for fish passage of a standard and a simplified low-gradient vertical slot fishway." River Research and Applications 33, no. 8: 1295-1305.

Journal article
Published: 16 May 2017 in Drinking Water Engineering and Science
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At low head sites and at low discharges, water wheels can be considered among the most convenient hydropower converters to install. The aim of this work is to improve the performance of an existing breastshot water wheel by changing the blade shape using computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations. Three optimal profiles are investigated: the profile of the existing blades, a circular profile and an elliptical profile. The results are validated by performing experimental tests on the wheel with the existing profile. The numerical results show that the efficiency of breastshot wheels is affected by the blade profile. The average increase in efficiency using the new circular profile is about 4 % with respect to the profile of the existing blades.

ACS Style

Emanuele Quaranta; Roberto Revelli. CFD simulations to optimize the blade design of water wheels. Drinking Water Engineering and Science 2017, 10, 27 -32.

AMA Style

Emanuele Quaranta, Roberto Revelli. CFD simulations to optimize the blade design of water wheels. Drinking Water Engineering and Science. 2017; 10 (1):27-32.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emanuele Quaranta; Roberto Revelli. 2017. "CFD simulations to optimize the blade design of water wheels." Drinking Water Engineering and Science 10, no. 1: 27-32.

Preprint content
Published: 02 April 2017
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ACS Style

Emanuele Quaranta. Answer to Reviewer 2. 2017, 1 .

AMA Style

Emanuele Quaranta. Answer to Reviewer 2. . 2017; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emanuele Quaranta. 2017. "Answer to Reviewer 2." , no. : 1.