Skin corrugation and tandem configuration are two distinct features that characterize the flow around dragonfly wings. In contrast to the smooth airfoil and single pair of wings of conventional airplanes, corrugated surfaces and tandem wings influence aerodynamics both locally and globally. In this article, several kinds of doubly- tandem wing configurations were designed, then computational investigations based on wind tunnel experiments were conducted to investigate the aerodynamic characteristics of these models. Computational simulations using in-house codes were carried out with a freestream velocity of 20 m/s at an angle of attack from −4° to 16°. Based on these computational results, the effects of airfoil thickness, surface waviness and hindwing decalage on aerodynamic characteristics were compared and presented quantitatively. Final results demonstrate that a tandem wing configuration could eliminate separation close to the trailing edge at angles of attack 8°~10°, or delay the trailing edge separation at angles of attack greater than 10°. Thus, the aerodynamic efficiency of tandem configurations could provide significant improvement compared to configurations with a single wing. The greatest percentage of aerodynamic efficiency improvement for a tandem thick configuration compared to a single thick configuration is 1376% at angle of attack 0°. Surface waviness will stall at a lower angle of attack, but will gain some aerodynamic benefit from the standing separated flow. Hindwing decalage has obvious lift enhancement for the tandem configuration. Therefore, it is concluded that the tandem configuration is attractive and promising for MAVs with flexible structures in the near future.

The flow structures and surface pressure distributions on corrugated airfoils significantly differed from those on a conventional, smooth airfoil. An unsteady, two-dimensional computational simulation was carried out to investigate the flow behavior and associated aerodynamic performance of a group of corrugated airfoils with different levels of waviness at angles of attack from 0° to 20° with an interval of 2° at a low Reynolds number regime (Re = 1.2 × 10⁵) and were quantitatively compared with those of its smooth counterpart. Time-averaged aerodynamic coefficients demonstrated that the corrugated airfoils have a lower lift and higher drag because of trapped vortices in the corrugations. The pressure drag of the corrugated airfoils was greater than that of the smooth airfoil. In contrast, the viscous drag of the corrugated airfoils was smaller than that of the smooth airfoil because the recirculation generated in the corrugation could reduce the viscous drag. The averaged velocity gradient in the boundary layer showed that the thickness of the boundary layer increased significantly for the corrugated airfoils because of recirculating flow caused by the small-standing vortices trapped in the valley of corrugations. The smoother the corrugated surface, the closer the aerodynamic characteristics are to those of the smooth airfoil.

Single-photon LiDAR possesses weak echo sensing capability, but random backgrounds can easily cause target response loss and fragmented false alarms. In particular, sparse return photons, background photons, and dark counts may generate stochastic responses, making weak target preservation and false-alarm suppression difficult under single-photon observations. This paper proposes STMP-UNet, which uses a structure-aware target alignment module to suppress ineffective shallow response propagation through decoder semantic constraints, and combines a morphology prior module to support the spatial continuity of coarse target-region responses. The former selectively transfers target-related shallow information under high-level semantic guidance, while the latter introduces multi-scale structural constraints to alleviate spatial fragmentation of sparse target responses. Experiments are conducted on simulated single-photon data constructed from Anti-UAV infrared sequences. A photon-counting statistical simulation is used to reproduce sparse photon responses, and an infrared-derived proximity map provides auxiliary spatial structural information. Results show that compared to Pure U-Net, STMP-UNet improves Object F1 from 0.7115 to 0.7531 and Pd from 0.6635 to 0.7074, and reduces FPPI from 0.1907 to 0.1619. Ablation and candidate-level FROC analyses further demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed structure modeling for preserving weak target responses and improving the detection–false-alarm trade-off.

A data-driven modal framework using optimized dynamic mode decomposition enables prediction and suppression of nonstationary aero-optical distortions in cavity flows.