Floods catastrophes are the most frequent hazards globally. According to the Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), a total of 432 catastrophic events were recorded in 2021, among which flood dominated with 223 occurrences alone. Flood catastrophes have significantly increased morbidity and mortality universally. It has made life more vulnerable in the context of numerous risks and calamities. During the flood, epidemics and outbreaks are most common affecting a larger population. People face various problems amidst floods like infectious diseases, reproductive health, and even mental health issues. Pakistan is currently one of the most frequently flood-affected nations in the world. As Pakistan continues to be devastated by monsoon flooding and torrential rains, 1290 people have died, 1,468,019 homes have been partially or completely destroyed, and 736,459 animals have perished. To plan an efficient health care program, it is crucial to know the common problems that frequently affect people during floods.

Foodborne illness is caused by the intake of food and water contaminated by different bacteria, viruses, and parasites, as well as poisons or toxins. Approximately 31 different pathogens are documented as causative organisms for causing foodborne illness outbreaks. Climatic changes and varying agricultural practices contribute significantly to the increased incidence of foodborne illness. Foodborne illness can also occur due to the utilization of improperly cooked food. The symptoms of food poisoning may appear sooner or later after contaminated food intake. Symptoms may vary among individuals depending on the disease severity. Despite continuous preventive measures, foodborne illness is still a significant public health threat in the United States. Frequent dining at fast-food restaurants and the use of processed foods present an immense risk of foodborne illness. The food supply in the United States is among the safest in the world, yet we see a surge in foodborne illnesses. People should be encouraged to wash their hands before cooking, and the utensils in which food is being prepared should be kept clean and washed properly before using them. Physicians and other healthcare professionals are facing a host of new challenges in responding to foodborne illnesses. Patients should seek a doctor immediately when they experience symptoms like blood in the stool, hematemesis, prolonged diarrhea for 3 or more days, severe abdominal cramping, and high fever.

Introduction: Transplantation in many Asian countries is moulded by socioeconomic, religious, cultural and health indicators. In most Asian countries, the living-related donation is the common most organ donation. Due to the limited deceased organ donation, live donor programmes flourished in many Asian countries. Another apparent reason for this tremendous growth of living-related programmes in Asian countries is their larger serving population. Several centres from Asia, including Pakistan and India from Southeast Asia and Egypt in Middle East Asia, on the one hand, have recently emerged as leading living donor transplant programmes. On the other hand, a few Asian countries, including Iran and China, have established some of the world’s largest deceased donor programmes. Discussion: In Pakistan, thousands of patients die from end-stage organ failure annually, seeking organ transplants for survival. The exact statics are not available, but over 50 000 people are estimated to die each year as a result of end-stage organ failure without getting a transplant, about 15 000–18 000 from kidney failure, and 10 000 from liver failure and the National Centre for Health Statistics labelled organ failure as a leading cause of death. Despite all these efforts, the knowledge of organ donation among Pakistani people was determined to be around 60%. In Pakistan, the lack of deceased organ donation programmes and the unwillingness of people to deceased organ donation contributes to an increased demand for living organ donation and patients continue to rely on living donors. We discuss various obstacles to deceased organ donation comprising various challenges that form a unique combination, including religious, economic, social, demographic and political factors. Conclusion: Every single effort should be made to initiate and establish multiple deceased donor programmes in Pakistan. Developing the deceased donor programmes in the country will be vital to counter the countrywide increasing organ shortage. The mainstay transplant activities like organ procurement and distribution systems need to be adequately developed. It will help achieve national self-sufficiency and decrease living donors’ burden. With education, the behaviour of healthcare professionals and common people can be changed and a positive attitude toward deceased organ donation can be obtained. As healthcare professionals, we should come forward and take responsibility by enrolling ourselves in deceased donors’ registration. Public awareness, medical community interest and government support are essential in initiating and establishing deceased donor programmes in Pakistan.

Background: The heterologous prime‐boost vaccination technique is not novel as it has a history of deployment in previous outbreaks.Aim: Hence, this narrative review aims to provide critical insight for reviving the heterologous prime‐boost immunization strategy for SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccination relative to a brief positive outlook on the mix‐dose approach deployed in previous and existing outbreaks (ie, Ebola virus disease (EVD), malaria, tuberculosis, hepatitis B, HIV and influenza virus).Methodology and Materials: A Boolean search was carried out to find the literature in MEDLINE‐PubMed, Clinicaltrials, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases up till December 22, 2021, using the specific keywords that include “SARS‐CoV2”, “COVID‐19”, “Ebola,” “Malaria,” “Tuberculosis,” “Human Immunodeficiency Virus,” “Hepatitis B,” “Influenza,” “Mix and match,” “Heterologous prime‐boost,” with interposition of “OR” and “AND.” Full text of all the related articles in English language with supplementary appendix was retrieved. In addition, the full text of relevant cross‐references was also retrieved.Results: Therefore, as generally evident by the primary outcomes, that is, safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity reported and updated by preclinical and clinical studies for addressing previous and existing outbreaks so far, including COVID‐19, it is understood that heterologous prime‐boost immunization has been proven successful for eliciting a more efficacious immune response as of yet in comparison to the traditional homologous prime‐boost immunization regimen.Discussion: Accordingly, with increasing cases of COVID‐19, many countries such as Germany, Pakistan, Canada, Thailand, and the United Kingdom have started administering the heterologous vaccination as the technique aids to rationalize the usage of the available vaccines to aid in the global race to vaccinate majority to curb the spread of COVID‐19 efficiently. However, the article emphasizes the need for more large controlled trials considering demographic details of vaccine recipients, which would play an essential role in clearing the mistrust about safety concerns to pace up the acceptance of the technique across the globe.Conclusion: Consequently, by combatting the back‐to‐back waves of COVID‐19 and other challenging variants of concerns, including Omicron, the discussed approach can also help in addressing the expected evolution of priority outbreaks as coined by WHO, that is, “Disease X” in 2018 with competency, which according to WHO can turn into the “next pandemic” or the “next public health emergency,” thus would eventually lead to eradicating the risk of “population crisis.”

Levothyroxine, also known as L-thyroxine, is a manufactured form of the thyroid hormone thyroxine which is considered to be a gold-standard therapy for treating an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism). Some experts highlight benefits of LT4 replacement therapy, others specify the harmful effects of it, in regards to treating subclinical hypothyroidism. With respect to current guidelines for the consistent dosing of levothyroxine for treating hypothyroidism, we aim to highlight limitations of long-term use of Levothyroxine therapy in SCH. Apropos of the studies published to date, we look into the appropriate dosing of Levothyroxine in SCH by physicians.