This study focus on Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of paddy straw pulp treated using deep eutectic solvent (DES). DES was synthesized using potassium carbonate and glycerol at different molar ratio under normal atmospheric pressure. Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass was carried out at temperature of 120°C for 60 minutes under mass ratio of paddy straw to DES 1:9. The chemical structures of the untreated paddy straw and paddy straw pulp treated with different molar ratio of DES were analyzed using FTIR. The characterization result from FT-IR spectra indicated that the potassium carbonate-glycerol DES deconstructed the structures of paddy straw by removing lignin and hemicellulose during the pulping process. The peak intensity that occurs at region between 900 cm⁻¹ and 1500 cm⁻¹ shows that the presence of elevated level of cellulose after lignocellulosic pulping. From FT-IR analysis, DES could not remove the functional group of lignin and hemicellulose completely but yet expose the structure of cellulose.

Postharvest fruit losses remain a critical challenge in global agriculture, prompting the search for sustainable and eco-friendly preservation strategies. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs), a novel class of green solvents composed of biodegradable components, have emerged as a promising alternative to conventional chemical preservatives. This review highlights the recent advances in the application of DESs for postharvest fruit preservation, focusing on their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and film-forming properties, as well as their use in the extraction of natural preservatives. The unique physicochemical characteristics of DESs, such as low explosiveness, high solubilising capacity, and tunable polarity, make them suitable for use in edible coatings, nanoemulsions, and the extraction of bioactive compounds. We also explored the synergistic potential of DESs when combined with biopolymers and natural antimicrobials to enhance fruit shelf life and quality attributes, including texture, colour, and nutritional value. Despite their promise, challenges related to toxicity, scalability, and regulatory acceptance must be addressed for successful commercial adoption. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current knowledge, recent case studies, and future perspectives on the integration of DESs into sustainable postharvest fruit preservation systems.

Mango has a high global demand. Fruit fungal disease causes post-harvest mango and fruit losses. Conventional chemical fungicides and plastic prevent fungal diseases but they are hazardous to humans and the environment. Direct application of essential oil for post-harvest fruit control is not a cost-effective approach. The current work offers an eco-friendly alternative to controlling the post-harvest disease of fruit using a film amalgamated with oil derived from Melaleuca alternifolia. Further, this research also aimed to assess the mechanical, antioxidant, and antifungal properties of the film infused with essential oil. ASTM D882 was performed to determine the tensile strength of the film. The antioxidant reaction of the film was assessed using the DPPH assay. In vitro and in vivo tests were used to evaluate the inhibitory development of the film against pathogenic fungi, by comparing the film with different levels of essential oil together with the treatment of the control and chemical fungicide. Disk diffusion was used to evaluate mycelial growth inhibition, where the film incorporated with 1.2 wt% essential oil yielded the best results. For in vivo testing of wounded mango, the disease incidence was successfully reduced. For in vivo testing of unwounded mango to which the film incorporated with essential oil was applied, although some quality parameters such as the color index were not significantly affected, weight loss was reduced, soluble solid content was increased, and firmness was increased, compared to the control. Thus, the film incorporated with essential oil (EO) from M. alternifolia can be an environmentally friendly alternative to the conventional approach and the direct application of essential oil to control post-harvest disease in mango.