Hydrogen refueling stations are one of the key infrastructure components for the hydrogen-fueled economy. Skid-mounted hydrogen refueling stations (SHRSs) can be more easily commercialized due to their smaller footprints and lower costs compared to stationary hydrogen refueling stations. The present work modeled hydrogen explosions in a skid-mounted hydrogen refueling station to predict the overpressures for hydrogen-air mixtures and investigate the protective effects for different explosion vent layouts and protective wall distances. The results show that the explosive vents with the same vent area have similar overpressure reduction effects. The layout of the explosion vent affects the flame shape. Explosion venting can effectively reduce the inside maximum overpressure by 61.8%. The protective walls can reduce the overpressures, but the protective walls should not be too close to the SHRS because high overpressures are generated inside the walls due to the confined shock waves. The protective wall with a distance of 6 m can effectively protect the surrounding people and avoid the secondary overpressure damage to the container.

The distribution of biomass particles in the gasifier significantly influences the conversion efficiency and soot generation during gasification. Numerous studies have confirmed that a single-stage swirl combustor can significantly improve conversion efficiency and is widely used in the coal industry. However, the turbulent structures and shear layers in dual-swirl reactors are highly complex, and existing research lacks systematic investigation into the interactions of biomass particles and recirculation zones. In this paper, a novel dual swirl gasifier is built to investigate the dispersion behavior of biomass particles that would shed light on new generation high-temperature gasification. Both co-swirl and counter-swirl gasifiers with different swirl angles (40°, 50°, and 60°) are investigated. In addition, the influences of inflow rate and the physical property of biomass particles on the two-phase flow behavior are also systematically studied. The vortex structures and particle dispersion in the flow field are quantitatively analyzed. It is found that the counter-rotating vortex structures disrupt the formation of the central exhaust tube vortex, leading to poorer particle dispersion, and the injection of biomass particles apparently changes the size of the central recirculation zone. Moreover, it is also observed that the interparticle distance conforms to a normal distribution. When the biomass particle size is less than 500 μm, the interparticle distance is very small and particles tend to adhere to the wall of the gasifier. The current work provides valuable insights for optimizing the operating conditions of dual-stage gasification.