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A variety of counting methods exist to analyze visitor numbers of outdoor settings such as national parks, recreation areas and urban green spaces, with sensor-based approaches being the most frequently applied. In this paper, we describe the application and practicality of camera traps originally designed for wildlife monitoring for visitor management purposes. The focus of the work is on the practicality of trigger camera traps and data collection for visitor monitoring from a more practice- and management-oriented perspective. Camera traps can provide interesting in-depth and detailed information about recreationists and are flexible and suitable for various uses; however, assessing the visual data manually requires significant staff and working time. To deal with the large amounts of data gathered for numbers of passersby and recreation activities, correlation factors between passersby and pictures were determined, so that the number of passersby related to the number of pictures taken per day or per other time unit could be established. In focusing on using the camera traps and assessing the generated data, it became clear that more studies have to be conducted to compare different methods of visitor monitoring and their accuracy in different outdoor environments.
Gerd Lupp; Valerie Kantelberg; Bernhard Förster; Carolina Honert; Johannes Naumann; Tim Markmann; Stephan Pauleit. Visitor Counting and Monitoring in Forests Using Camera Traps: A Case Study from Bavaria (Southern Germany). Land 2021, 10, 736 .
AMA StyleGerd Lupp, Valerie Kantelberg, Bernhard Förster, Carolina Honert, Johannes Naumann, Tim Markmann, Stephan Pauleit. Visitor Counting and Monitoring in Forests Using Camera Traps: A Case Study from Bavaria (Southern Germany). Land. 2021; 10 (7):736.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGerd Lupp; Valerie Kantelberg; Bernhard Förster; Carolina Honert; Johannes Naumann; Tim Markmann; Stephan Pauleit. 2021. "Visitor Counting and Monitoring in Forests Using Camera Traps: A Case Study from Bavaria (Southern Germany)." Land 10, no. 7: 736.
Concepts such as green infrastructure, nature-based solutions, and ecosystem services gained popularity in recent discourses on urban planning. Despite their recognition as innovative concepts, all of them share a degree of ambiguity. Fuzziness can be a weakness but also an opportunity to shape novel concepts together with the stakeholders that are supposed to implement them in the planning practice. The paper traces concept development processes of green infrastructure through transdisciplinary knowledge exchange in three different projects, a European and a national research project and a local city-regional project as part of an EU regional cooperation project. In all projects, the green infrastructure concept evolved in different stages. Stakeholder involvement during these stages span from consultation to co-creation. The cases reveal two different approaches: concepts that are developed “for planning practice” might be based on a plethora of insight via consultation, while those “with planning practice” foster co-creation and might result in high acceptance among the involved stakeholders. Depending on the purpose of the novel concept, each approach can be beneficial and result in practice-related and operational products, such as guidance documents or planning strategies. However, the cases also show that in any new context an exchange about fuzzy concepts is not only needed but also a chance to stimulate cooperation and joint understanding about urban challenges and how to address them.
Rieke Hansen; Martina van Lierop; Werner Rolf; Damjana Gantar; Ina Šuklje Erjavec; Emily Lorance Rall; Stephan Pauleit. Using green infrastructure to stimulate discourse with and for planning practice: experiences with fuzzy concepts from a pan-European, a national and a local perspective. Socio-Ecological Practice Research 2021, 1 -24.
AMA StyleRieke Hansen, Martina van Lierop, Werner Rolf, Damjana Gantar, Ina Šuklje Erjavec, Emily Lorance Rall, Stephan Pauleit. Using green infrastructure to stimulate discourse with and for planning practice: experiences with fuzzy concepts from a pan-European, a national and a local perspective. Socio-Ecological Practice Research. 2021; ():1-24.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRieke Hansen; Martina van Lierop; Werner Rolf; Damjana Gantar; Ina Šuklje Erjavec; Emily Lorance Rall; Stephan Pauleit. 2021. "Using green infrastructure to stimulate discourse with and for planning practice: experiences with fuzzy concepts from a pan-European, a national and a local perspective." Socio-Ecological Practice Research , no. : 1-24.
Urban greenspaces showed the potential to lessen the urban heat island effect. However, a detailed understanding on the mechanisms of different components of greenspaces such as grass surfaces, trees or a combination of grey and green infrastructure on reducing heat loads at local and city scale and different weather conditions is still limited. We designed a small-scale experiment within the sub-urban area Freising, close to Munich in Germany during hot summer days of the year 2020 including wet and dry spells. We investigated surface energy balance and the human thermal comfort measured in terms of physiological equivalent temperature (PET). Six sites including grass lawns and paved surfaces, with or without the shade of trees and buildings were selected. Significant positive relationships between surface (ST) and air temperature (AT) were detected both for grass and paved surfaces; however, the relationships were stronger during the wet spells compared to dry spells and for grass surfaces compared to paved surfaces. Moreover, PET was more strongly related to ST compared to AT. Overall, shade reduced 15 °C, 2 °C and 13 °C of ST, AT and PET respectively compared to sunny sites. The differences between sun and shade were steeper over the grass surfaces and during the wet spells when the grass surfaces lost more than 1.5 L m−2 d−1 of water. In contrast, sensible heat fluxes between grass and paved surfaces were not different during the dry spells. Moreover, compared to the building shade, tree shade further reduced AT by 0.6 °C and 0.4 °C during wet and dry spells, but PET by 1 °C and 1.6 °C during wet and dry spells respectively. Our results underline the importance of both shade and grass surfaces in reducing the urban heat loads, in particular, the added benefits of tree shade during the summer droughts.
Mohammad A. Rahman; Vjosa Dervishi; Astrid Moser-Reischl; Ferdinand Ludwig; Hans Pretzsch; Thomas Rötzer; Stephan Pauleit. Comparative analysis of shade and underlying surfaces on cooling effect. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 2021, 63, 127223 .
AMA StyleMohammad A. Rahman, Vjosa Dervishi, Astrid Moser-Reischl, Ferdinand Ludwig, Hans Pretzsch, Thomas Rötzer, Stephan Pauleit. Comparative analysis of shade and underlying surfaces on cooling effect. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2021; 63 ():127223.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammad A. Rahman; Vjosa Dervishi; Astrid Moser-Reischl; Ferdinand Ludwig; Hans Pretzsch; Thomas Rötzer; Stephan Pauleit. 2021. "Comparative analysis of shade and underlying surfaces on cooling effect." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 63, no. : 127223.
Urban green infrastructure (UGI) aims to strategically develop green and blue space networks that contribute to human health and wellbeing, urban sustainability and climate resilience. However, evidence on UGI research and application in the cities of the Global South is limited. An overview of the development of UGI in the three regions of Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia is presented. The selective review shows that concepts such as urban greening, urban forestry and urban agriculture are more frequently used. Traditional goals, i.e. city beautification and providing recreational spaces, still prevail, but the reduction of risks (e.g. from flooding and landslides) and securing food and livelihoods are increasingly important drivers for developing UGI. Habitat networks can be another entry point for broadening into multifunctional UGI. However, there are only few examples of integrated approaches that would transcend sector silos. Therefore, strengthening the capacity for strategic planning and collaborative governance of UGI is an important consideration for cities in the Global South and for future research. The potential of local communities for creating and managing UGI should be better recognised in policymaking, along with environmental justice because often the urban poor do not benefit fairly from UGI.
Stephan Pauleit; Alexis Vasquéz; Sreetheran Maruthaveeran; Li Liu; Sarel S. Cilliers. Urban Green Infrastructure in the Global South. Ecoregional Green Roofs 2021, 107 -143.
AMA StyleStephan Pauleit, Alexis Vasquéz, Sreetheran Maruthaveeran, Li Liu, Sarel S. Cilliers. Urban Green Infrastructure in the Global South. Ecoregional Green Roofs. 2021; ():107-143.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStephan Pauleit; Alexis Vasquéz; Sreetheran Maruthaveeran; Li Liu; Sarel S. Cilliers. 2021. "Urban Green Infrastructure in the Global South." Ecoregional Green Roofs , no. : 107-143.
Key message A model for sustainable planning of urban tree stocks is proposed, incorporating growth, mortality, replacement rates and ecosystem service provision, providing a basis for planning of urban tree stocks. Abstract Many recent studies have improved the knowledge about urban trees, their structures, functions, and ecosystem services. We introduce a concept and model for the sustainable management of urban trees, analogous to the concept of sustainable forestry developed by Carl von Carlowitz and others. The main drivers of the model are species-specific tree diameter growth functions and mortality rates. Based on the initial tree stock and options for the annual replanting, the shift of the distribution of the number of trees per age class can be predicted with progressing time. Structural characteristics such as biomass and leaf area are derived from tree dimensions that can be related to functions such as carbon sequestration or cooling. To demonstrate the potential of the dynamic model, we first show how different initial stocks of trees can be quantitatively assessed by sustainability indicators compared to a target stock. Second, we derive proxy variables for ecosystem services (e.g. biomass for carbon sequestration, leaf area for deposition and shading) from a given distribution of the number of trees per age class. Third, we show by scenario analyses how selected ecosystem services and functions may be improved by combining complementary tree species. We exercise one aspect (cooling) of one ecosystem service (temperature mitigation) as an example. The approach integrates mosaic pieces of knowledge about urban trees, their structures, functions, and resulting ecosystem services. The presented model makes this knowledge available for a sustainable management of urban tree stocks. We discuss the potential and relevance of the developed concept and model for ecologically and economically sustainable planning and management, in view of progressing urbanization and environmental changes.
H. Pretzsch; A. Moser-Reischl; M. A. Rahman; S. Pauleit; T. Rötzer. Towards sustainable management of the stock and ecosystem services of urban trees. From theory to model and application. Trees 2021, 1 -20.
AMA StyleH. Pretzsch, A. Moser-Reischl, M. A. Rahman, S. Pauleit, T. Rötzer. Towards sustainable management of the stock and ecosystem services of urban trees. From theory to model and application. Trees. 2021; ():1-20.
Chicago/Turabian StyleH. Pretzsch; A. Moser-Reischl; M. A. Rahman; S. Pauleit; T. Rötzer. 2021. "Towards sustainable management of the stock and ecosystem services of urban trees. From theory to model and application." Trees , no. : 1-20.
Indians cities are facing incessant urbanization with lack of adequate green spaces exposing inhabitants to heat stress and increased mortality. Reduction of heat stress or optimization of outdoor thermal comfort (OTC) has been recognized as one of the multiple benefits of urban green infrastructure across different climatic zones. However, there is dearth of such studies in humid-subtropical (Cwa) context, especially India. ‘Urban trees’ are most preferred vegetation type concerning OTC, whereas, ‘parks, streets and gardens’ are most preferred urban green settings in a residential neighbourhood, as indicated by social survey results of another part of this study. But role of urban trees in enhancing OTC in different urban settings remains underexplored. In particular, it needs to be better understood how different morphological characteristics of trees influence their thermal benefits. Hence, we investigated nine sub-tropical tree species in these urban settings of a typical residential neighbourhood in the mid-sized, humid-subtropical city of Dehradun in north India. A sizeable world population inhabits humid-subtropical climates and almost 1/3rd of Indians reside in mid-size cities, making this study widely relevant.
We used a modelling approach enabling comparison of different trees in similar urban settings which is not possible through on-ground studies. 70 tree species were identified through field surveys and further filtered based on frequency, canopy density, morphology and growth habit. Finally, nine species were selected, three for each urban setting and modelled using Albero, a plugin of the 3D microclimatic simulation software, ENVI-met. Parameters such as tree height, trunk height, canopy shape and density, leaf area density, root spread and diameter etc. were considered for tree modelling. Modelling was validated using the field measurements and indicated a high correlation of 90%. Total nine scenarios were created using ENVI-met for each tree species in the respective urban setting maintaining canopy cover area. Their performance was evaluated by air temperature, relative humidity and mean radiant temperature at 15:00 and 19:00 hours of a peak summer day (2nd July 2019). Thermal comfort was also evaluated using PET (Physiologically Equivalent Temperature) between 9:00-20:00 hours.
Our results indicate that Mangifera Indica, Azadirachta Indica and Alstonia Scholaris perform best on an average for all parameters in gardens, park and streets respectively. These three trees had dense canopy i.e. high leaf area density (LAD) values and an average tree height between 11-15m. It should be noted that we did not have trees bigger than 15m on our site so results need to be further verified for taller trees. It can, however, be inferred that LAD value and tree height influenced cooling benefits more than trunk height or canopy shape in all urban settings. These results will be used to explore most suitable plantation arrangement in these urban settings. We acknowledge limitation of tree modelling using a software, however, forthcoming ENVI-Met 2021 release will enable detailed tree modelling and further improvise the study. Our results can be used in green space planning in humid subtropical climatic zones with similar urban settings or for further exploration of role of urban tree species.
Sana Javaid; Kameswara Yashaswini Sista; Stephan Pauleit. Impact of different sub-tropical trees on outdoor thermal comfort in an Indian city – A microclimatic modelling approach. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleSana Javaid, Kameswara Yashaswini Sista, Stephan Pauleit. Impact of different sub-tropical trees on outdoor thermal comfort in an Indian city – A microclimatic modelling approach. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSana Javaid; Kameswara Yashaswini Sista; Stephan Pauleit. 2021. "Impact of different sub-tropical trees on outdoor thermal comfort in an Indian city – A microclimatic modelling approach." , no. : 1.
Living Labs are recognized as a progressive form to foster innovation and the strengthening of collaborative planning. The concept has received strong attention by the European Union (EU) research and innovation agendas recently. This contribution investigates how a Living Lab approach could be used for the design and implementation of Nature-Based Solutions (NBS). NBS are gaining acceptance as a more sustainable solution for reducing the exposure to natural hazards and vulnerability to events, such as increased flooding in changing climate. However, a lack of collaborative approaches hinders their broader implementation. A literature review on the theoretical aspects of the Living Labs concept in the context of NBS is conducted, and we compare the theoretical findings with practices that were observed by case studies implementing NBS in a collaborative manner. The Isar-Plan River Restoration in Munich, Germany, and the Mountain Forest Initiative (Bergwaldoffensive). Both of the case studies have already started well before the concept of Living Labs gained wider popularity. Both award-winning cases are recognized good practice for their exemplary in-depth stakeholder involvement. The paper discusses the concepts and approaches of Living Labs and reflects on how it can serve and support in-depth participatory stakeholder involvement.
Gerd Lupp; Aude Zingraff-Hamed; Josh Huang; Amy Oen; Stephan Pauleit. Living Labs—A Concept for Co-Designing Nature-Based Solutions. Sustainability 2020, 13, 188 .
AMA StyleGerd Lupp, Aude Zingraff-Hamed, Josh Huang, Amy Oen, Stephan Pauleit. Living Labs—A Concept for Co-Designing Nature-Based Solutions. Sustainability. 2020; 13 (1):188.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGerd Lupp; Aude Zingraff-Hamed; Josh Huang; Amy Oen; Stephan Pauleit. 2020. "Living Labs—A Concept for Co-Designing Nature-Based Solutions." Sustainability 13, no. 1: 188.
Nature-based solutions (NBS) are inspired and supported by nature but designed by humans. Historically, governmental stakeholders have aimed to control nature using a top-down approach; more recently, environmental governance has shifted to collaborative planning. Polycentric governance and co-creation procedures, which include a large spectrum of stakeholders, are assumed to be more effective in the management of public goods than traditional approaches. In this context, NBS projects should benefit from strong collaborative governance models, and the European Union is facilitating and encouraging such models. While some theoretical approaches exist, setting-up the NBS co-creation process (namely co-design and co-implementation) currently relies mostly on self-organized stakeholders rather than on strategic decisions. As such, systematic methods to identify relevant stakeholders seem to be crucial to enable higher planning efficiency, reduce bottlenecks and time needed for planning, designing, and implementing NBS. In this context, this contribution is based on the analysis of 16 NBS and 359 stakeholders. Real-life constellations are compared to theoretical typologies, and a systematic stakeholder mapping method to support co-creation is presented. Rather than making one-fit-all statements about the “right” stakeholders, the contribution provides insights for those “in charge” to strategically consider who might be involved at each stage of the NBS project.
Aude Zingraff-Hamed; Frank Hüesker; Gerd Lupp; Chloe Begg; Josh Huang; Amy Oen; Zoran Vojinovic; Christian Kuhlicke; Stephan Pauleit. Stakeholder Mapping to Co-Create Nature-Based Solutions: Who Is on Board? Sustainability 2020, 12, 8625 .
AMA StyleAude Zingraff-Hamed, Frank Hüesker, Gerd Lupp, Chloe Begg, Josh Huang, Amy Oen, Zoran Vojinovic, Christian Kuhlicke, Stephan Pauleit. Stakeholder Mapping to Co-Create Nature-Based Solutions: Who Is on Board? Sustainability. 2020; 12 (20):8625.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAude Zingraff-Hamed; Frank Hüesker; Gerd Lupp; Chloe Begg; Josh Huang; Amy Oen; Zoran Vojinovic; Christian Kuhlicke; Stephan Pauleit. 2020. "Stakeholder Mapping to Co-Create Nature-Based Solutions: Who Is on Board?" Sustainability 12, no. 20: 8625.
Stephan Pauleit; Ole Fryd; Antje Backhaus; Marina Bergen Jensen. Green Infrastructures to Face Climate Change in an Urbanizing World. Sustainable Built Environments 2020, 207 -234.
AMA StyleStephan Pauleit, Ole Fryd, Antje Backhaus, Marina Bergen Jensen. Green Infrastructures to Face Climate Change in an Urbanizing World. Sustainable Built Environments. 2020; ():207-234.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStephan Pauleit; Ole Fryd; Antje Backhaus; Marina Bergen Jensen. 2020. "Green Infrastructures to Face Climate Change in an Urbanizing World." Sustainable Built Environments , no. : 207-234.
This article provides a perspective on nature-based solutions. First, the argument is developed that nature-based solutions integrate social and ecological systems. Then, theoretical considerations relating to relational values, multifunctionality, transdisciplinarity, and polycentric governance are briefly outlined. Finally, a conceptual model of the social–ecological system of nature-based solutions is synthesised and presented. This conceptual model comprehensively defines the social and ecological external and internal systems that make up nature-based solutions, and identifies theoretical considerations that need to be addressed at different stages of their planning and implementation The model bridges the normative gaps of existing nature-based solution frameworks and could be used for consistent, comprehensive, and transferable comparisons internationally. The theoretical considerations addressed in this article inform practitioners, policymakers, and researchers about the essential components of nature-based solutions. The conceptual model can facilitate the identification of social and ecological interconnections within nature-based solutions and the range of stakeholders and disciplines involved.
Konstantinos Tzoulas; Juanjo Galan; Stephen Venn; Matthew Dennis; Bas Pedroli; Himansu Mishra; Dagmar Haase; Stephan Pauleit; Jari Niemelä; Philip James. A conceptual model of the social–ecological system of nature-based solutions in urban environments. Ambio 2020, 50, 335 -345.
AMA StyleKonstantinos Tzoulas, Juanjo Galan, Stephen Venn, Matthew Dennis, Bas Pedroli, Himansu Mishra, Dagmar Haase, Stephan Pauleit, Jari Niemelä, Philip James. A conceptual model of the social–ecological system of nature-based solutions in urban environments. Ambio. 2020; 50 (2):335-345.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKonstantinos Tzoulas; Juanjo Galan; Stephen Venn; Matthew Dennis; Bas Pedroli; Himansu Mishra; Dagmar Haase; Stephan Pauleit; Jari Niemelä; Philip James. 2020. "A conceptual model of the social–ecological system of nature-based solutions in urban environments." Ambio 50, no. 2: 335-345.
Stephan Pauleit; Ole Fryd; Antje Backhaus; Marina Bergen Jensen. Green Infrastructures to Face Climate Change in an Urbanizing World. Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology 2020, 1 -29.
AMA StyleStephan Pauleit, Ole Fryd, Antje Backhaus, Marina Bergen Jensen. Green Infrastructures to Face Climate Change in an Urbanizing World. Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology. 2020; ():1-29.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStephan Pauleit; Ole Fryd; Antje Backhaus; Marina Bergen Jensen. 2020. "Green Infrastructures to Face Climate Change in an Urbanizing World." Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology , no. : 1-29.
The potential of urban greenspaces in regulating temperature is widely known; however, in the heterogeneous urban landscape the process and the magnitude of human thermal comfort as well as the cumulative effects of natural and built surfaces are not yet well understood. We selected two ecologically contrasting species Tilia cordata Mill. and Robinia pseudoacacia L. planted in eight plots across five different sites in Würzburg, one of the major cities in Northern Bavaria, Germany. We monitored meteorological and edaphic variables and tree sap-flow along with the air temperature, relative humidity, within tree canopy and outside, between January 1 and December 31, 2018. Additionally, we measured surface temperature, meteorological variables below the tree canopies and outside, during the hottest summer days of 2018 (July 23 to 31). With 35% higher leaf area index, T. cordata tree canopies prevented higher incoming radiation compared to R. pseudoacacia trees. Moreover, with diffuse porous wood anatomy, T. cordata trees provided four times more transpiration compared to R. pseudoacacia, therefore, up to 2.8 °C air temperature reduction (ΔAT) within the tree canopy, and increase in absolute humidity (ΔAH) up to 2.6 g m − 3 compared to the 1.9 °C of ΔAT and 1.9 g m − 3 of ΔAH for R. pseudoacacia respectively. Thus, physiological equivalent temperature reduction was up to 4 °C under the shade of a R. pseudoacacia tree compared to 11 °C under a T. cordata tree. Finally, the research showed the importance of urban topography, such as street orientation, surrounding environment such as geometry, urban design to reduce the hindrance of wind flow and proportion of greenspaces in terms of outdoor human thermal comfort.
Mohammad A. Rahman; Christian Hartmann; Astrid Moser-Reischl; Miriam Freifrau von Strachwitz; Heiko Paeth; Hans Pretzsch; Stephan Pauleit; Thomas Rötzer. Tree cooling effects and human thermal comfort under contrasting species and sites. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 2020, 287, 107947 .
AMA StyleMohammad A. Rahman, Christian Hartmann, Astrid Moser-Reischl, Miriam Freifrau von Strachwitz, Heiko Paeth, Hans Pretzsch, Stephan Pauleit, Thomas Rötzer. Tree cooling effects and human thermal comfort under contrasting species and sites. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 2020; 287 ():107947.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammad A. Rahman; Christian Hartmann; Astrid Moser-Reischl; Miriam Freifrau von Strachwitz; Heiko Paeth; Hans Pretzsch; Stephan Pauleit; Thomas Rötzer. 2020. "Tree cooling effects and human thermal comfort under contrasting species and sites." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 287, no. : 107947.
A more detailed understanding of the micro-climatic thermal benefits of different urban tree species and the retrospective species characteristics is necessary to guide management decisions. In this review, we focused specifically on empirical data collected at ground level for below-canopy surface temperature (ST) and transpiration cooling (AT), using a meta-analysis method. Tree canopy density was clearly identified as the most influential driver of different mechanisms of cooling benefits. Secondly, climate of the cities where the trees were grown showed significant impacts on cooling potentials: trees grown in Oceanic and Continental climates showed a higher cooling potential compared to trees grown in Mediterranean climate for AT and sub-tropical climate for ST. Thirdly, tree growth in size and ground surface cover showed significant impact. ST decreases almost linearly with the increase of canopy density; however, the rate is significantly lower over transpiring grass surfaces. Transpiration of trees planted over grass was ten times higher (4.15 g m−2 min−1) compared to a tree planted in paved cut-out pits (0.44 g m−2 min−1). Moreover, diffuse porous wood anatomy and trees originating from temperate and resource-rich forests showed better cooling potentials. Among the leaf traits, dark green leaves, < 0.15 mm of thickness showed higher AT and ST benefit. The review pointed out the lack of standardized study protocols in determining tree cooling benefits and empirical data, particularly at tropical and sub-tropical climate. Finally, the study suggested some recommendations for plantings that optimize the cooling benefits from urban greenspaces.
Mohammad A. Rahman; Laura M.F. Stratopoulos; Astrid Moser-Reischl; Teresa Zölch; Karl-Heinz Häberle; Thomas Rötzer; Hans Pretzsch; Stephan Pauleit. Traits of trees for cooling urban heat islands: A meta-analysis. Building and Environment 2019, 170, 106606 .
AMA StyleMohammad A. Rahman, Laura M.F. Stratopoulos, Astrid Moser-Reischl, Teresa Zölch, Karl-Heinz Häberle, Thomas Rötzer, Hans Pretzsch, Stephan Pauleit. Traits of trees for cooling urban heat islands: A meta-analysis. Building and Environment. 2019; 170 ():106606.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammad A. Rahman; Laura M.F. Stratopoulos; Astrid Moser-Reischl; Teresa Zölch; Karl-Heinz Häberle; Thomas Rötzer; Hans Pretzsch; Stephan Pauleit. 2019. "Traits of trees for cooling urban heat islands: A meta-analysis." Building and Environment 170, no. : 106606.
: Under changing climatic conditions, drought may become a critical constraint for trees in urban areas, particularly at roadsides and highly paved squares. As healthy urban trees have proven to be an important mitigation and adaptation tool for climate change as well as a significant provider of ecosystem services, there is a need for planting species and cultivars capable of coping with the limited water supply. However, data on species’ and cultivars’ response to drought, particularly their water supplying root systems remains rare. To consider the whole plant responses to drought situations, we studied the growth and phenology of three frequently planted tree species and cultivars with a diameter of 5–6 cm during a one-year rainfall exclusion experiment conducted in a nursery field as well as the dry biomass of the compartments branch, stem, and root after excavation. Our results revealed that species’ and cultivars’ performance were linked to their within-plant carbon partitioning. A high tolerance to drought was noted for Acer campestre, with a particularly high ratio of root:shoot ratio, which made it presumably less susceptible to droughts. Tilia cordata ‘Greenspire’ was highly affected by the reduced water availability visible through prematurely leaf senescence, while Carpinus betulus ‘Fastigiata’ suffered from losing a considerable part of its root biomass, which resulted in the lowest root:shoot ratio of all species and cultivars. This study demonstrated the need for investigating the reaction patterns of species and cultivars by considering both the above-and the below-ground plant parts. We recommend that, for future tree plantings at harsh and challenging urban sites, an important selection criterion should be species’ and cultivars’ capability to develop and retain strong and dense root systems even under limited water supply, as that is believed to be an important trait for drought tolerance.
Laura Myrtiá Faní Stratópoulos; Chi Zhang; Karl-Heinz Häberle; Stephan Pauleit; Swantje Duthweiler; Hans Pretzsch; Thomas Rötzer. Effects of Drought on the Phenology, Growth, and Morphological Development of Three Urban Tree Species and Cultivars. Sustainability 2019, 11, 5117 .
AMA StyleLaura Myrtiá Faní Stratópoulos, Chi Zhang, Karl-Heinz Häberle, Stephan Pauleit, Swantje Duthweiler, Hans Pretzsch, Thomas Rötzer. Effects of Drought on the Phenology, Growth, and Morphological Development of Three Urban Tree Species and Cultivars. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (18):5117.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLaura Myrtiá Faní Stratópoulos; Chi Zhang; Karl-Heinz Häberle; Stephan Pauleit; Swantje Duthweiler; Hans Pretzsch; Thomas Rötzer. 2019. "Effects of Drought on the Phenology, Growth, and Morphological Development of Three Urban Tree Species and Cultivars." Sustainability 11, no. 18: 5117.
The aim of this study is to provide an integrated indicator framework for the Assessment of Multifunctional Green Infrastructure (AMGI) to advance the evolution of the Green Infrastructure (GI) concept, and simultaneously deliver an approach do conduct a GI assessment using remote sensing datasets at multiple spatial and spectral scales. Based on this framework, we propose an explicit methodology for AMGI, while addressing the multi-dimensional pillars (ecology, socio-economy, socio-culture, and human health) for urban sustainability and the multifunctionality of GI. For the purpose of validation, we present the extensive process of employing our framework and methodology, and give an illustrative case exemplified in a European city, i.e., Leipzig, Germany. In this exemplification, we deployed three stages regarding how a single assessment can be conducted: from conceptual framework for priority setting, contextual assessment, to retrospective assessment. In this illustrative case study, we enclosed 18 indicators, as well as identified hot and cold spots of selected GI functions and their multifunctionality. A clear framework and methodology is crucial for the sustainable management of spatially oriented GI plans over time and for different stakeholder groups. Therefore, GI planners and policy makers may now refer to our integrative indicator framework and provided application methodology as common grounds for a better mutual understanding amongst scientists and stakeholders. This study contributes to discourses regarding the enhancement of the GI concept and is expected to provoke more discussion on the improvements of high-quality Remote Sensing (RS) data as well as the development of remote sensing-based methods at multiple spatial, temporal, and spectral scales to support GI plans.
Jingxia Wang; Stephan Pauleit; Ellen Banzhaf. An Integrated Indicator Framework for the Assessment of Multifunctional Green Infrastructure—Exemplified in a European City. Remote Sensing 2019, 11, 1869 .
AMA StyleJingxia Wang, Stephan Pauleit, Ellen Banzhaf. An Integrated Indicator Framework for the Assessment of Multifunctional Green Infrastructure—Exemplified in a European City. Remote Sensing. 2019; 11 (16):1869.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJingxia Wang; Stephan Pauleit; Ellen Banzhaf. 2019. "An Integrated Indicator Framework for the Assessment of Multifunctional Green Infrastructure—Exemplified in a European City." Remote Sensing 11, no. 16: 1869.
Grüne Infrastruktur ist ein neuartiger Ansatz für die Landschaftsplanung. Seine Innovationspotenziale bestehen in der umfassenden Sicht auf Natur und Landschaft, die ökologische, sozio-kulturelle, ästhetische und ökonomische Aspekte beinhaltet und vielfältige gesellschaftspolitische Ziele wie den Klimawandel oder sozialen Zusammenhalt aufgreift. Das breit aufgestellte und in Teilen vage Konzept bietet gerade aufgrund der Interpretationsmöglichkeiten Chancen, um die Entwicklung von Landschaften aus unterschiedlichen Perspektiven zu diskutieren und zu integrieren. Die Planung und Umsetzung von grüner Infrastruktur erfordert daher partizipative Ansätze, die sowohl verschiedene Disziplinen und Interessensgruppen einbeziehen, als auch zivilgesellschaftliches Engagement berücksichtigen und fördern.
Stephan Pauleit; Rieke Hansen; Martina van Lierop; Emily L. Rall; Werner Rolf. Grüne Infrastruktur – ein innovativer Ansatz für die Landschaftsplanung. RaumFragen: Stadt – Region – Landschaft 2019, 781 -794.
AMA StyleStephan Pauleit, Rieke Hansen, Martina van Lierop, Emily L. Rall, Werner Rolf. Grüne Infrastruktur – ein innovativer Ansatz für die Landschaftsplanung. RaumFragen: Stadt – Region – Landschaft. 2019; ():781-794.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStephan Pauleit; Rieke Hansen; Martina van Lierop; Emily L. Rall; Werner Rolf. 2019. "Grüne Infrastruktur – ein innovativer Ansatz für die Landschaftsplanung." RaumFragen: Stadt – Region – Landschaft , no. : 781-794.
Green spaces play an important role in improving the livability of cities but are under high pressure from development in rapidly urbanizing countries. Understanding the use of urban green spaces and how this relates to their management is essential to effectively provide different functions and hence increase their value and better protection. Researches on green space use and management have been frequently conducted in developed countries. However, little is known about how people across cities in sub-Saharan Africa utilize and manage urban green spaces. Therefore, this study attempts to analyze the use and management of green spaces in urban centers of Ethiopia with reference to the emerging towns of the Oromia special zone surrounding Finfinne. The study employed a household survey, which was underpinned by interviews and focus group discussion. The quantitative data was analyzed through descriptive statistics while the qualitative data is analyzed through content and context analysis. Results indicated that 71.9%, 67.9% and 73.7% of respondents in Legetafo, Sebeta and Sululta do not have any green spaces in their neighborhood while very few respondents mentioned playgrounds and sport fields as green spaces. The study also found that relaxation and physical exercises such as football playing and running are the main purposes for visiting green spaces. Based on the result of the study more than half of the respondents did not visit urban green space. Financial constraints, lack of skilled personnel, low coordination between institutions, lack of legal frameworks and limited awareness of the community have constrained the use and management of green spaces. Therefore, the study suggests improving the legal framework, enhancing public participation in green spaces development and strengthening urban green space management system as important measures to improve the usability via green space management in urban areas of Ethiopia.
Yared Girma; Heyaw Terefe; Stephan Pauleit. Urban green spaces use and management in rapidly urbanizing countries:-The case of emerging towns of Oromia special zone surrounding Finfinne, Ethiopia. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 2019, 43, 126357 .
AMA StyleYared Girma, Heyaw Terefe, Stephan Pauleit. Urban green spaces use and management in rapidly urbanizing countries:-The case of emerging towns of Oromia special zone surrounding Finfinne, Ethiopia. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2019; 43 ():126357.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYared Girma; Heyaw Terefe; Stephan Pauleit. 2019. "Urban green spaces use and management in rapidly urbanizing countries:-The case of emerging towns of Oromia special zone surrounding Finfinne, Ethiopia." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 43, no. : 126357.
Stephan Pauleit; Erik Andersson; Barbara Anton; Arjen Buijs; Dagmar Haase; Rieke Hansen; Ingo Kowarik; Anton Stahl Olafsson; Sander Van der Jagt. Urban green infrastructure – connecting people and nature for sustainable cities. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 2019, 40, 1 -3.
AMA StyleStephan Pauleit, Erik Andersson, Barbara Anton, Arjen Buijs, Dagmar Haase, Rieke Hansen, Ingo Kowarik, Anton Stahl Olafsson, Sander Van der Jagt. Urban green infrastructure – connecting people and nature for sustainable cities. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2019; 40 ():1-3.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStephan Pauleit; Erik Andersson; Barbara Anton; Arjen Buijs; Dagmar Haase; Rieke Hansen; Ingo Kowarik; Anton Stahl Olafsson; Sander Van der Jagt. 2019. "Urban green infrastructure – connecting people and nature for sustainable cities." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 40, no. : 1-3.
Urban green infrastructure (UGI) planning is a new approach to planning that aims to develop multifunctional networks of green and blue spaces designed and managed to deliver a wide range of ecosystem services, and thereby, to improve quality-of-life in cities. However, moving current practice in urban green space planning towards the UGI planning approach will require higher quality information about a wider array of ecosystem services than currently measured and more spatially detailed social valuation methods. This paper explores the added value of public participation GIS (PPGIS), a relatively new type of survey for obtaining social values, as a tool for UGI planning. We do this by surveying real-life assessment tools for CES used in the case study city of Berlin and comparing the results of these with those of a PPGIS survey conducted in the city. The discussion centers on application of PPGIS results for UGI planning, focusing on their potential for enhancing multifunctionality at different spatial scales. At the site-level, the tool can help target conflict and less valued areas for redesign and management, as well as identifying particularly loved park features for protection. At the district- and city-level, we found potential for improving representativeness and accuracy of expert-based assessments, identifying coldspots and difficult-to-map functions, correcting deficits and increasing understanding of functional synergies. Outside of enhancing multifunctionality assessment, PPGIS may also support implementation of other defining principles of UGI planning, such as connectivity of green spaces, integrating urban green infrastructure with other infrastructure and ensuring collaborative, socially-inclusive planning processes.
Emily Rall; Rieke Hansen; Stephan Pauleit. The added value of public participation GIS (PPGIS) for urban green infrastructure planning. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 2019, 40, 264 -274.
AMA StyleEmily Rall, Rieke Hansen, Stephan Pauleit. The added value of public participation GIS (PPGIS) for urban green infrastructure planning. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2019; 40 ():264-274.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmily Rall; Rieke Hansen; Stephan Pauleit. 2019. "The added value of public participation GIS (PPGIS) for urban green infrastructure planning." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 40, no. : 264-274.
Compact urban development, social demands and austerity measures are increasing pressures on urban greenspace. Meanwhile, active citizens, defined as voluntary individuals or groups who self-organize to contribute to urban green space development, provide ecological and social benefits to urban societies. This has inspired local governments to seek collaborations with non-state actors, including active citizens. However, the diverging aims, place-specific focus, and varying expertise of active citizenship may inhibit its contribution to ecological connectivity and upscaling beyond the local scale. In this paper, we investigate how “mosaic governance” has potential as a framework for understanding active citizenship, its potential for upscaling and its relationship to strategic UGI planning. Using the policy arrangements approach, we analyse the role of discourse, resources, actors and rules of the game in the upscaling of active citizenship. Based on eight empirical cases from seven European cities, we analyse the diversity of collaborations between local governments and active citizens in greenspace development. The cases show how active citizens can significantly contribute to UGI planning and implementation, for example by developing large parks with volunteers or designing a network of green corridors. The cases reveal multiple ways citizens and local governments benefit from collaborations, as well as different pathways for upscaling innovative discourses and practices from local communities to formal policy or to other cities. To enable upscaling, UGI planning needs to combine long-term, more formalized and higher-scale strategic approaches with more incremental approaches that correspond with localized, fragmented and informal efforts of local communities. While collaborations between municipalities and active citizenship is not without its difficulties, the examples of upscaling in our cases demonstrate the transformative power active citizens may have towards a more green, just and democratic city.
Arjen Buijs; Rieke Hansen; Sander Van der Jagt; Bianca Ambrose-Oji; Birgit Elands; Emily Lorance Rall; Thomas Mattijssen; Stephan Pauleit; Hens Runhaar; Anton Stahl Olafsson; Maja Steen Møller. Mosaic governance for urban green infrastructure: Upscaling active citizenship from a local government perspective. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 2019, 40, 53 -62.
AMA StyleArjen Buijs, Rieke Hansen, Sander Van der Jagt, Bianca Ambrose-Oji, Birgit Elands, Emily Lorance Rall, Thomas Mattijssen, Stephan Pauleit, Hens Runhaar, Anton Stahl Olafsson, Maja Steen Møller. Mosaic governance for urban green infrastructure: Upscaling active citizenship from a local government perspective. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2019; 40 ():53-62.
Chicago/Turabian StyleArjen Buijs; Rieke Hansen; Sander Van der Jagt; Bianca Ambrose-Oji; Birgit Elands; Emily Lorance Rall; Thomas Mattijssen; Stephan Pauleit; Hens Runhaar; Anton Stahl Olafsson; Maja Steen Møller. 2019. "Mosaic governance for urban green infrastructure: Upscaling active citizenship from a local government perspective." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 40, no. : 53-62.