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Brendan Mackey
Griffith Climate Action Beacon, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4222, Australia

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Journal article
Published: 23 July 2021 in Land
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The Interior Wetbelt (IWB) of British Columbia, which includes the globally rare Inland Temperate Rainforest (ITR), contains primary forests poorly attributed and neglected in conservation planning. We evaluated the IWB and ITR using four IUCN Red List of Ecosystems Criteria: geographic distribution, environmental degradation (abiotic and biotic factors), and likelihood of ecosystem collapse. Clearcut logging (3.2M ha) represented 57% of all anthropogenic disturbances, reducing potential primary forest by 2.7 million ha (28%) for the IWB and 524,003 ha (39%) for the ITR. Decadal logging rates nearly doubled from 5.3% to 10.2% from 1970s–2000s. Core areas (buffered by 100-m from roads and developments) declined by 70% to 95% for the IWB and ITR, respectively. Vulnerable was assigned to karst, the only abiotic factor assessed, because it was associated with rare plants. For biotic factors, Old-Growth Birds were Vulnerable, Southern Woodland Caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) habitat and Sensitive Fish were Endangered, and Old-Growth Lichens habitat was Critical. Overall, the IWB was ranked as Endangered and the ITR as Critical with core area collapse possible within 9 to 18 years for the ITR, considered one of the world’s most imperiled temperate rainforests.

ACS Style

Dominick DellaSala; James Strittholt; Rebecca Degagne; Brendan Mackey; Jeffery Werner; Michelle Connolly; Darwyn Coxson; Andrew Couturier; Heather Keith. Red-Listed Ecosystem Status of Interior Wetbelt and Inland Temperate Rainforest of British Columbia, Canada. Land 2021, 10, 775 .

AMA Style

Dominick DellaSala, James Strittholt, Rebecca Degagne, Brendan Mackey, Jeffery Werner, Michelle Connolly, Darwyn Coxson, Andrew Couturier, Heather Keith. Red-Listed Ecosystem Status of Interior Wetbelt and Inland Temperate Rainforest of British Columbia, Canada. Land. 2021; 10 (8):775.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dominick DellaSala; James Strittholt; Rebecca Degagne; Brendan Mackey; Jeffery Werner; Michelle Connolly; Darwyn Coxson; Andrew Couturier; Heather Keith. 2021. "Red-Listed Ecosystem Status of Interior Wetbelt and Inland Temperate Rainforest of British Columbia, Canada." Land 10, no. 8: 775.

Original article
Published: 20 May 2021 in Regional Environmental Change
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Over recent decades, substantial funding from a variety of sources has been directed towards climate change adaptation projects in Pacific Island countries. There remains, however, considerable uncertainty about which factors influence adaptation project completion, as a pre-cursor to effective adaptation. In this study, we empirically establish the links between project attributes (duration, funding, cash co-financing, in-kind contributions, location, and adaptation approach) and whether a project is likely to complete or be terminated. We examine this issue by developing a logistic regression model to predict the probability of completion for small-scale climate change adaptation projects using a new dataset of 190 projects in the South Pacific (with end dates ranging from November 1995 to May 2016) that were financed through the Global Environment Facility Small Grants Programme. Empirical results suggest that all else equal, such a project was more likely to complete if it was shorter, received more co-financing cash input and in-kind support from other donors and project partners, was explicitly targeted towards climate change adaptation, focused on a single adaptation approach, and was undertaken in Micronesia or Fiji. Our results can be used to help funders and project proponents design projects to mitigate the risks of non-completion, particularly in high-risk settings. These findings should not be misinterpreted to undermine the importance of continued investment in adaptation projects across the whole of South Pacific region.

ACS Style

Syezlin Hasan; Christopher M. Fleming; James C. R. Smart; Andrew J. Buckwell; Maja Vinde Folkersen; Brendan Mackey. Identifying and mitigating risks to completion of small grant climate change adaptation projects: evidence from the Pacific. Regional Environmental Change 2021, 21, 1 -15.

AMA Style

Syezlin Hasan, Christopher M. Fleming, James C. R. Smart, Andrew J. Buckwell, Maja Vinde Folkersen, Brendan Mackey. Identifying and mitigating risks to completion of small grant climate change adaptation projects: evidence from the Pacific. Regional Environmental Change. 2021; 21 (2):1-15.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Syezlin Hasan; Christopher M. Fleming; James C. R. Smart; Andrew J. Buckwell; Maja Vinde Folkersen; Brendan Mackey. 2021. "Identifying and mitigating risks to completion of small grant climate change adaptation projects: evidence from the Pacific." Regional Environmental Change 21, no. 2: 1-15.

Journal article
Published: 18 April 2021 in Ecological Indicators
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Vegetated coastal wetlands, including seagrass, saltmarsh and mangroves, are threatened globally, yet the need to avert these losses is poorly recognized in international policy, such as in the Convention on Biological Diversity and the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals. Identifying the impact of overlooking coastal wetlands in ecosystem assessment frameworks could help prioritize research efforts to fill these gaps. Here, we examine gaps in the recognition of coastal wetlands in globally applicable ecosystem assessments. We address both shortfalls in assessment frameworks when it comes to assessing wetlands, and gaps in data that limit widespread application of assessments. We examine five assessment frameworks that track fisheries, greenhouse gas emissions, ecosystem threats, and ecosystem services. We found that these assessments inform management decisions, but that the functions provided by coastal wetlands are incompletely represented. Most frameworks had sufficient complexity to measure wetland status, but limitations in data meant they were incompletely informed about wetland functions and services. Incomplete representation of coastal wetlands may lead to them being overlooked by research and management. Improving the coverage of coastal wetlands in ecosystem assessments requires improving global scale mapping of wetland trends, developing global-scale indicators of wetland function and synthesis to quantitatively link animal population dynamics to wetland trends. Filling these gaps will help ensure coastal wetland conservation is properly informed to manage them for the outstanding benefits they bring humanity.

ACS Style

Christopher J. Brown; Maria F. Adame; Christina A. Buelow; Marieke A. Frassl; Shing Yip Lee; Brendan Mackey; Eva C. McClure; Ryan M. Pearson; Anusha Rajkaran; Thomas S. Rayner; Michael Sievers; Chantal A. Saint Ange; Ana I. Sousa; Vivitskaia J.D. Tulloch; Mischa P. Turschwell; Rod M. Connolly. Opportunities for improving recognition of coastal wetlands in global ecosystem assessment frameworks. Ecological Indicators 2021, 126, 107694 .

AMA Style

Christopher J. Brown, Maria F. Adame, Christina A. Buelow, Marieke A. Frassl, Shing Yip Lee, Brendan Mackey, Eva C. McClure, Ryan M. Pearson, Anusha Rajkaran, Thomas S. Rayner, Michael Sievers, Chantal A. Saint Ange, Ana I. Sousa, Vivitskaia J.D. Tulloch, Mischa P. Turschwell, Rod M. Connolly. Opportunities for improving recognition of coastal wetlands in global ecosystem assessment frameworks. Ecological Indicators. 2021; 126 ():107694.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christopher J. Brown; Maria F. Adame; Christina A. Buelow; Marieke A. Frassl; Shing Yip Lee; Brendan Mackey; Eva C. McClure; Ryan M. Pearson; Anusha Rajkaran; Thomas S. Rayner; Michael Sievers; Chantal A. Saint Ange; Ana I. Sousa; Vivitskaia J.D. Tulloch; Mischa P. Turschwell; Rod M. Connolly. 2021. "Opportunities for improving recognition of coastal wetlands in global ecosystem assessment frameworks." Ecological Indicators 126, no. : 107694.

Article
Published: 15 February 2021 in Environment, Development and Sustainability
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Like other low-income countries in Asia and Africa, Nepal still suffers from food insecurity with a large proportion of food-insecure households being smallholder farmers who rely on rain-fed agriculture for their livelihood. Contributing factors include a lack of production, lack of resources, access to land and market, climate change, extreme events and underlying poverty. In this study, we aimed to examine the prevalence, cause of and response to food insecurity and assess how food security varies with respect to the regional variation. We also explored the role of changing climatic conditions in creating such adversities. Based on an analysis of the results from interviewing 384 farm households from three agro-ecological zones in Bagmati Province, we found that 56% of the farm households experienced food insecurity. The severity varied amongst the households with resource-poor, disadvantaged groups and those with limited land and income suffering the most severely from food insecurity. Households in the Mountains and the Hills zones were more food insecure than in the Terai zone. Climate change impacts were found to have amplified the risks of food insecurity amongst these rural households surviving under a largely subsistence agrarian economy. The results further suggest that the adaptive capacities of smallholder households can be increased by improving agricultural productivity through providing skills and training, better access to markets, extension services, credit and insurance schemes, along with access to climate-smart technologies, micro-irrigation, improved infrastructure, and storage facilities. Support from relevant governmental and non-governmental organizations is needed to help smallholder households, and their communities better manage the risks to their food security.

ACS Style

Sikha Karki; Paul Burton; Brendan Mackey; Clair Alston-Knox. Status and drivers of food insecurity and adaptation responses under a changing climate among smallholder farmers households in Bagmati Province, Nepal. Environment, Development and Sustainability 2021, 23, 14642 -14665.

AMA Style

Sikha Karki, Paul Burton, Brendan Mackey, Clair Alston-Knox. Status and drivers of food insecurity and adaptation responses under a changing climate among smallholder farmers households in Bagmati Province, Nepal. Environment, Development and Sustainability. 2021; 23 (10):14642-14665.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sikha Karki; Paul Burton; Brendan Mackey; Clair Alston-Knox. 2021. "Status and drivers of food insecurity and adaptation responses under a changing climate among smallholder farmers households in Bagmati Province, Nepal." Environment, Development and Sustainability 23, no. 10: 14642-14665.

Journal article
Published: 14 February 2021 in Journal of Environmental Management
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Coral reef ecosystems provide a broad spectrum of essential ecological, economic and cultural services for Small Island Developing State (SIDS) communities. However, coral reef communities are increasingly threatened by the adverse impacts of human activities at both global and local scales. This study aims to develop an integrated dynamic assessment framework to evaluate coral reef conditions under different adaptation and climate change scenarios, and their consequential economic impacts in the small island community of Port Resolution on Tanna Island in Vanuatu. Our assessment framework follows a sequential multilayered modelling approach that uses System Dynamics (SD) coupled with Bayesian Network (BN) modelling to deal with the complexity and dynamicity of socioeconomic and environmental systems, and impacts from trans-discipline variables. The BN incorporated existing data and expert knowledge to project the future conditions of coral reefs under different scenario settings, and to parametrise and quantify the SD model where the existing data and information was insufficient. The SD was then used to simulate the dynamic relationship between coral reef condition and the economic benefits derived from its ecosystem services under different climate change (i.e. RCPs) and management scenarios through to 2070. Our findings show that sustainable community-based conservation management strategies are key to preserving the flow of coral reef ecosystem services under RCP 2.6 and 6.0. Importantly, we demonstrate that the implementation of an integrated portfolio of management strategies better protects ecosystem services provided by coral reefs and maximises the total economic benefits achieved over the long-term despite a temporary and short-term economic loss due to high initial capital investments and income reduction due to fishing and tourism restrictions.

ACS Style

Mehdi Hafezi; Rodney A. Stewart; Oz Sahin; Alyssa L. Giffin; Brendan Mackey. Evaluating coral reef ecosystem services outcomes from climate change adaptation strategies using integrative system dynamics. Journal of Environmental Management 2021, 285, 112082 .

AMA Style

Mehdi Hafezi, Rodney A. Stewart, Oz Sahin, Alyssa L. Giffin, Brendan Mackey. Evaluating coral reef ecosystem services outcomes from climate change adaptation strategies using integrative system dynamics. Journal of Environmental Management. 2021; 285 ():112082.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mehdi Hafezi; Rodney A. Stewart; Oz Sahin; Alyssa L. Giffin; Brendan Mackey. 2021. "Evaluating coral reef ecosystem services outcomes from climate change adaptation strategies using integrative system dynamics." Journal of Environmental Management 285, no. : 112082.

Research article
Published: 30 November 2020 in Journal of Environmental Planning and Management
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Forests are vital ecosystems on a global, regional and local scale, but are under threat from a variety of competing land uses. Integrated landscape approaches have been proposed as a way to create sustainable land use for forests and forest communities through a more integrated, holistic approach to governing resources. A variety of principles for managing landscapes have been proposed as a framework for implementation, but these landscape approaches suffer from a limited theoretical and conceptual basis. This paper seeks to address such shortcomings by identifying and integrating the theoretical components of landscape approaches into a common framework. The paper analyses landscape disciplines, practices and activities and the implementation of common landscape-level principles in the context of forest landscapes to identify the underlying key components. The paper argues that management across a forest landscape must be underpinned by three pillars: ecosystem integrity, strong governance systems and effective planning processes.

ACS Style

Edward A. Morgan; Tim Cadman; Brendan Mackey. Integrating forest management across the landscape: a three pillar framework. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 2020, 64, 1735 -1769.

AMA Style

Edward A. Morgan, Tim Cadman, Brendan Mackey. Integrating forest management across the landscape: a three pillar framework. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management. 2020; 64 (10):1735-1769.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Edward A. Morgan; Tim Cadman; Brendan Mackey. 2020. "Integrating forest management across the landscape: a three pillar framework." Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 64, no. 10: 1735-1769.

Original article
Published: 20 November 2020 in Regional Environmental Change
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Climate change adaptation decision-making frameworks have evolved over the past three decades, with the management of information and knowledge now a key element of these processes. This paper examines the use of climate change-related information for national adaptation planning and decision-making in the Pacific Islands region to better understand the use of, and demand for, such information. Using an appreciative inquiry approach, a situation analysis was undertaken to examine the information praxis of national governments in Papua New Guinea, Tonga and Tuvalu, as well as the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme. The study revealed that adaptation decisions are (i) driven by national strategies and priorities which are innately community-centred, (ii) largely made through collaborative structures involving multiple stakeholders within a specific governance or project setting, and (iii) informed by a range of climatic and nonclimatic information from domestic, regional and international sources. The study also affirmed the importance of information and knowledge management to national adaptation planning and decision-making, evidence of collaborative and multistakeholder decision-making processes, and the trend towards country-driven and user-centred information and knowledge production. The study recommends dedicated commitment to and investment in information and knowledge management for Pacific Islands, and the need for a holistic understanding of the complex environment in which climate change adaptation takes place.

ACS Style

Kate Morioka; Madeleine McGann; Samuel Mackay; Brendan Mackey. Applying information for national adaptation planning and decision making: present and future practice in the Pacific Islands. Regional Environmental Change 2020, 20, 1 -12.

AMA Style

Kate Morioka, Madeleine McGann, Samuel Mackay, Brendan Mackey. Applying information for national adaptation planning and decision making: present and future practice in the Pacific Islands. Regional Environmental Change. 2020; 20 (4):1-12.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kate Morioka; Madeleine McGann; Samuel Mackay; Brendan Mackey. 2020. "Applying information for national adaptation planning and decision making: present and future practice in the Pacific Islands." Regional Environmental Change 20, no. 4: 1-12.

Review
Published: 23 September 2020 in Parasites & Vectors
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Changes to Australia’s climate and land-use patterns could result in expanded spatial and temporal distributions of endemic mosquito vectors including Aedes and Culex species that transmit medically important arboviruses. Climate and land-use changes greatly influence the suitability of habitats for mosquitoes and their behaviors such as mating, feeding and oviposition. Changes in these behaviors in turn determine future species-specific mosquito diversity, distribution and abundance. In this review, we discuss climate and land-use change factors that influence shifts in mosquito distribution ranges. We also discuss the predictive and epidemiological merits of incorporating these factors into a novel integrated statistical (SSDM) and mechanistic species distribution modelling (MSDM) framework. One potentially significant merit of integrated modelling is an improvement in the future surveillance and control of medically relevant endemic mosquito vectors such as Aedes vigilax and Culex annulirostris, implicated in the transmission of many arboviruses such as Ross River virus and Barmah Forest virus, and exotic mosquito vectors such as Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. We conducted a focused literature search to explore the merits of integrating SSDMs and MSDMs with biotic and environmental variables to better predict the future range of endemic mosquito vectors. We show that an integrated framework utilising both SSDMs and MSDMs can improve future mosquito-vector species distribution projections in Australia. We recommend consideration of climate and environmental change projections in the process of developing land-use plans as this directly impacts mosquito-vector distribution and larvae abundance. We also urge laboratory, field-based researchers and modellers to combine these modelling approaches. Having many different variations of integrated (SDM) modelling frameworks could help to enhance the management of endemic mosquitoes in Australia. Enhanced mosquito management measures could in turn lead to lower arbovirus spread and disease notification rates.

ACS Style

Eugene T. Madzokere; Willow Hallgren; Oz Sahin; Julie A. Webster; Cameron E. Webb; Brendan Mackey; Lara J. Herrero. Integrating statistical and mechanistic approaches with biotic and environmental variables improves model predictions of the impact of climate and land-use changes on future mosquito-vector abundance, diversity and distributions in Australia. Parasites & Vectors 2020, 13, 1 -13.

AMA Style

Eugene T. Madzokere, Willow Hallgren, Oz Sahin, Julie A. Webster, Cameron E. Webb, Brendan Mackey, Lara J. Herrero. Integrating statistical and mechanistic approaches with biotic and environmental variables improves model predictions of the impact of climate and land-use changes on future mosquito-vector abundance, diversity and distributions in Australia. Parasites & Vectors. 2020; 13 (1):1-13.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eugene T. Madzokere; Willow Hallgren; Oz Sahin; Julie A. Webster; Cameron E. Webb; Brendan Mackey; Lara J. Herrero. 2020. "Integrating statistical and mechanistic approaches with biotic and environmental variables improves model predictions of the impact of climate and land-use changes on future mosquito-vector abundance, diversity and distributions in Australia." Parasites & Vectors 13, no. 1: 1-13.

Journal article
Published: 19 July 2020 in Ecological Economics
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Rural communities in Pacific small island states, which rely directly and acutely on the benefits from ecosystem services, face a range of interlinking threats to their management of natural resources, exacerbated by climate change-related risks, all against the backdrop of rapid social and economic transition. Appropriate and sufficient community adaptation responses are required to maintain habitats and sustain livelihoods. Adaptation responses are mediated through often competing subjective discourses. We used Q-method to reveal discourses within a subsistence community in Vanuatu and amongst associated stakeholders. We revealed three discourses, which we called Strong Kastom, Kastom + Health and Tentative Modernity. When we compared stakeholder socio-demographic attributes we found a statistically significant gender difference between membership of Strong Kastom, which was skewed towards men and Tentative Modernity, which was skewed towards women. We also found that external practitioners were weighted away from Tentative Modernity. Our results suggest ecosystem-based adaptations to climate change will likely resonate with the community if they support customary natural resource knowledge and management, and provide opportunities for generating income, and promoting gender equity in decision-making. Our results also suggest external practitioners may not consider income generation to be sufficiently important to community resilience.

ACS Style

Andrew Buckwell; Christopher Fleming; Maggie Muurmans; James C.R. Smart; Dan Ware; Brendan Mackey. Revealing the dominant discourses of stakeholders towards natural resource management in Port Resolution, Vanuatu, using Q-method. Ecological Economics 2020, 177, 106781 .

AMA Style

Andrew Buckwell, Christopher Fleming, Maggie Muurmans, James C.R. Smart, Dan Ware, Brendan Mackey. Revealing the dominant discourses of stakeholders towards natural resource management in Port Resolution, Vanuatu, using Q-method. Ecological Economics. 2020; 177 ():106781.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrew Buckwell; Christopher Fleming; Maggie Muurmans; James C.R. Smart; Dan Ware; Brendan Mackey. 2020. "Revealing the dominant discourses of stakeholders towards natural resource management in Port Resolution, Vanuatu, using Q-method." Ecological Economics 177, no. : 106781.

Letter to the editor
Published: 09 June 2020 in GCB Bioenergy
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Schulze et al. (GCB Bioenergy , 2020, 12 , 186–197) argue against putting forests into conservation, alleging that managing forests, including for bioenergy, produces more climate mitigation than letting them grow. However, this conclusion is based on not counting emissions from burning biomass, and other carbon accounting sleight of hand. This is a letter regarding https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12672

ACS Style

Mary S. Booth; Brendan Mackey; Virginia Young. It’s time to stop pretending burning forest biomass is carbon neutral. GCB Bioenergy 2020, 12, 1036 -1037.

AMA Style

Mary S. Booth, Brendan Mackey, Virginia Young. It’s time to stop pretending burning forest biomass is carbon neutral. GCB Bioenergy. 2020; 12 (12):1036-1037.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mary S. Booth; Brendan Mackey; Virginia Young. 2020. "It’s time to stop pretending burning forest biomass is carbon neutral." GCB Bioenergy 12, no. 12: 1036-1037.

Original article
Published: 12 March 2020 in Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change
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Given the short time-frame to limit global warming, and the current emissions gap, it is critical to prioritise mitigation actions. To date, scant attention has been paid to the mitigation benefits of primary forest protection. We estimated tropical forest ecosystem carbon stocks and flows. The ecosystem carbon stock of primary tropical forests is estimated at 141–159 Pg C (billion tonnes of carbon) which is some 49–53% of all tropical forest carbon, the living biomass component of which alone is 91–103% of the remaining carbon budget to limit global warming to below 1.5 degrees above pre-industrial levels. Furthermore, tropical forests have ongoing sequestration rates 0.47–1.3 Pg C yr−1, equivalent to 8–13% of annual global anthropogenic CO2 (carbon dioxide) emissions. We examined three main forest-based strategies used in the land sector—halting deforestation, increasing forest restoration and improving the sustainable management of production forests. The mitigation benefits of primary forest protection are contingent upon how degradation is defined and accounted for, while those from restoration also depend on how restoration is understood and applied. Through proforestation, reduced carbon stocks in secondary forests can regrow to their natural carbon carrying capacity or primary forest state. We evaluated published data from studies comparing logged and unlogged forests. On average, primary forests store around 35% more carbon. While comparisons are confounded by a range of factors, reported biomass carbon recovery rates were from 40 to 100+ years. There is a substantive portfolio of forest-based mitigation actions and interventions available to policy and decision-makers, depending on national circumstances, in addition to SFM and plantation focused approaches, that can be grouped into four main strategies: protection; proforestation, reforestation and restoration; reform of guidelines, accounting rules and default values; landscape conservation planning. Given the emissions gap, mitigation strategies that merely reduce the rate of emissions against historic or projected reference levels are insufficient. Mitigation strategies are needed that explicitly avoid emissions where possible as well as enabling ongoing sequestration.

ACS Style

Brendan Mackey; Cyril F. Kormos; Heather Keith; William R. Moomaw; Richard A. Houghton; Russell A. Mittermeier; David Hole; Sonia Hugh. Understanding the importance of primary tropical forest protection as a mitigation strategy. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 2020, 25, 763 -787.

AMA Style

Brendan Mackey, Cyril F. Kormos, Heather Keith, William R. Moomaw, Richard A. Houghton, Russell A. Mittermeier, David Hole, Sonia Hugh. Understanding the importance of primary tropical forest protection as a mitigation strategy. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change. 2020; 25 (5):763-787.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Brendan Mackey; Cyril F. Kormos; Heather Keith; William R. Moomaw; Richard A. Houghton; Russell A. Mittermeier; David Hole; Sonia Hugh. 2020. "Understanding the importance of primary tropical forest protection as a mitigation strategy." Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 25, no. 5: 763-787.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2020 in Cogent Social Sciences
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Sikha Karki; Paul Burton; Brendan Mackey. Climate change adaptation by subsistence and smallholder farmers: Insights from three agro-ecological regions of Nepal. Cogent Social Sciences 2020, 6, 1 .

AMA Style

Sikha Karki, Paul Burton, Brendan Mackey. Climate change adaptation by subsistence and smallholder farmers: Insights from three agro-ecological regions of Nepal. Cogent Social Sciences. 2020; 6 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sikha Karki; Paul Burton; Brendan Mackey. 2020. "Climate change adaptation by subsistence and smallholder farmers: Insights from three agro-ecological regions of Nepal." Cogent Social Sciences 6, no. 1: 1.

Journal article
Published: 02 July 2019 in Climate and Development
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ACS Style

Andrew Buckwell; Dan Ware; Christopher Fleming; James C. R. Smart; Brendan Mackey; Johanna Nalau; Allan Dan. Social benefit cost analysis of ecosystem-based climate change adaptations: a community-level case study in Tanna Island, Vanuatu. Climate and Development 2019, 12, 495 -510.

AMA Style

Andrew Buckwell, Dan Ware, Christopher Fleming, James C. R. Smart, Brendan Mackey, Johanna Nalau, Allan Dan. Social benefit cost analysis of ecosystem-based climate change adaptations: a community-level case study in Tanna Island, Vanuatu. Climate and Development. 2019; 12 (6):495-510.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrew Buckwell; Dan Ware; Christopher Fleming; James C. R. Smart; Brendan Mackey; Johanna Nalau; Allan Dan. 2019. "Social benefit cost analysis of ecosystem-based climate change adaptations: a community-level case study in Tanna Island, Vanuatu." Climate and Development 12, no. 6: 495-510.

Review
Published: 23 April 2019 in Climate and Development
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Climate change is the world’s most pressing environmental issue, influencing almost all sectors of the economy. Agriculture is one of those sectors whose performance is primarily determined by an increasingly variable climate. Consequently, agriculture workers and particularly subsistence farmers are the proximate witnesses of the changing climate as their plight is one of having to struggle for their livelihood in the face of these emerging disruptions. Researchers in recent years have focused on ascertaining the perceived impacts of, and response to, climate change and agriculture. This study reviews the research specific to climate change-related experiences and observations of members of farming communities. Based on a systematic review of original research articles, published up until October 2016, the study reveals the status of in-field knowledge to inform future research. The review found that farmers worldwide have been experiencing changes in climate mainly regarding rising temperature, unpredictable and reduced rainfall. A majority have witnessed reduced agricultural production. Farmers hold differing explanations and respond accordingly to combat those changes. To orient adaptation measures towards those who are already experiencing and trying to respond to such changes, it is crucial to recognize and understand their views when formulating adaptation plans and policies.

ACS Style

Sikha Karki; Paul Burton; Brendan Mackey. The experiences and perceptions of farmers about the impacts of climate change and variability on crop production: a review. Climate and Development 2019, 12, 80 -95.

AMA Style

Sikha Karki, Paul Burton, Brendan Mackey. The experiences and perceptions of farmers about the impacts of climate change and variability on crop production: a review. Climate and Development. 2019; 12 (1):80-95.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sikha Karki; Paul Burton; Brendan Mackey. 2019. "The experiences and perceptions of farmers about the impacts of climate change and variability on crop production: a review." Climate and Development 12, no. 1: 80-95.

Overview
Published: 30 January 2019 in Ecological Management & Restoration
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New evidence of impacts by feral horses in Australia's alpine parks systems confirms they endanger threatened species and extensively damage critically endangered bog communities that could take millennia to recover. These impacts are not confounded by effects of deer and accumulate over time, even when only a small number of feral horses (~100) are present. With protected areas representing only a small proportion of the area of the Australian states of New South Wales (9.3%) and Victoria (17%), allowing feral horses to degrade reserves is not a reasonable management compromise, is contrary to the purpose of the protected area system and conflicts with international obligations. Modelling and decades of management experience indicate that trapping alone does not control feral horse numbers. Trapping and fertility control can work in small populations, but not when there are several thousand horses in remote areas. Aerial culling is needed to cost‐effectively and humanely control feral horse populations. The relatively small amount of suffering feral horses experience during a cull is outweighed by (i) avoiding suffering and death of horses from starvation and thirst, (ii) avoiding the suffering of native animals displaced by horses and (iii) avoiding the ethical concerns of driving threatened species towards extinction. Objections to aerial culling on welfare and cultural grounds are contradicted by evidence. Improving knowledge in the general community about what is at stake is long overdue because without this knowledge, small groups with vested interests and unfounded claims have been able to dominate debate and dictate management actions. As a result of ineffective management, horse populations are now expanding and causing well‐documented damage to Australia's alpine parks, placing at risk almost $10M spent on restoration after livestock grazing ended. The costs of horse control and restoration escalate the longer large horse populations remain in the alpine parks. It is crucial that feral horse numbers are rapidly reduced to levels where ecosystems begin to recover. Aerial culling is needed as part of the toolbox to achieve that reduction.

ACS Style

Don A. Driscoll; Graeme L. Worboys; Hugh Allan; Sam C. Banks; Nicholas J. Beeton; Rebecca C. Cherubin; Tim S. Doherty; C. Max Finlayson; Ken Green; Renée Hartley; Geoffrey Hope; Chris N. Johnson; Mark Lintermans; Brendan Mackey; David J. Paull; Jamie Pittock; Luciana L. Porfirio; Euan G. Ritchie; Chloe F. Sato; Ben C. Scheele; Deirdre A. Slattery; Susanna Venn; David Watson; Maggie J. Watson; Richard M. Williams. Impacts of feral horses in the Australian Alps and evidence‐based solutions. Ecological Management & Restoration 2019, 20, 63 -72.

AMA Style

Don A. Driscoll, Graeme L. Worboys, Hugh Allan, Sam C. Banks, Nicholas J. Beeton, Rebecca C. Cherubin, Tim S. Doherty, C. Max Finlayson, Ken Green, Renée Hartley, Geoffrey Hope, Chris N. Johnson, Mark Lintermans, Brendan Mackey, David J. Paull, Jamie Pittock, Luciana L. Porfirio, Euan G. Ritchie, Chloe F. Sato, Ben C. Scheele, Deirdre A. Slattery, Susanna Venn, David Watson, Maggie J. Watson, Richard M. Williams. Impacts of feral horses in the Australian Alps and evidence‐based solutions. Ecological Management & Restoration. 2019; 20 (1):63-72.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Don A. Driscoll; Graeme L. Worboys; Hugh Allan; Sam C. Banks; Nicholas J. Beeton; Rebecca C. Cherubin; Tim S. Doherty; C. Max Finlayson; Ken Green; Renée Hartley; Geoffrey Hope; Chris N. Johnson; Mark Lintermans; Brendan Mackey; David J. Paull; Jamie Pittock; Luciana L. Porfirio; Euan G. Ritchie; Chloe F. Sato; Ben C. Scheele; Deirdre A. Slattery; Susanna Venn; David Watson; Maggie J. Watson; Richard M. Williams. 2019. "Impacts of feral horses in the Australian Alps and evidence‐based solutions." Ecological Management & Restoration 20, no. 1: 63-72.

Journal article
Published: 25 December 2018 in Current Science
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ACS Style

Peter S. Lee; Brendan G. Mackey. Development of a Bird Habitat Resource Classification Scheme Based on Vegetation Structure Analysis. Current Science 2018, 115, 1 .

AMA Style

Peter S. Lee, Brendan G. Mackey. Development of a Bird Habitat Resource Classification Scheme Based on Vegetation Structure Analysis. Current Science. 2018; 115 (12):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Peter S. Lee; Brendan G. Mackey. 2018. "Development of a Bird Habitat Resource Classification Scheme Based on Vegetation Structure Analysis." Current Science 115, no. 12: 1.

Journal article
Published: 19 November 2018 in Environmental Science & Policy
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The Paris Agreement commits state parties to a global adaptation goal and the inclusion of adaptation into their National Communications. This requires national level planning, monitoring and reporting and methods for effective global-scale adaptation tracking. However, unlike mitigation, where clear targets and goals have been agreed, adaptation is a process with varied and changing goals and risk context. Assessing adaptation plans and strategies can provide valuable insights into ongoing adaptation policy, because the plans give good indications of priorities and institutional thinking. To assess how adaptation planning aligns to the Paris Agreement, this paper used Article 7 of the agreement to develop criteria and applied these to assess national adaptation plans and strategies available in English from 36 least developed, 8 developing and 10 developed countries. The results suggest that adaptation planning aligned to the Paris Agreement can help bring a different focus to development pathways that promotes synergies rather than trade-offs between environmental, social and economic goals. Importantly, tracking adaptation planning can help ensure the continued mobilisation of the parties, guide adaptation planning nationally and locally, and support global-scale consistency in planning and action.

ACS Style

Edward A. Morgan; Johanna Nalau; Brendan Mackey. Assessing the alignment of national-level adaptation plans to the Paris Agreement. Environmental Science & Policy 2018, 93, 208 -220.

AMA Style

Edward A. Morgan, Johanna Nalau, Brendan Mackey. Assessing the alignment of national-level adaptation plans to the Paris Agreement. Environmental Science & Policy. 2018; 93 ():208-220.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Edward A. Morgan; Johanna Nalau; Brendan Mackey. 2018. "Assessing the alignment of national-level adaptation plans to the Paris Agreement." Environmental Science & Policy 93, no. : 208-220.

Review
Published: 08 November 2018 in Sustainability
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Climate change adaptation planning requires the integration of disciplines, stakeholders, different modelling approaches, treatment options, and scales of analysis. An integrated stepwise planning approach is a critical requirement for effective climate change adaptation in the context of small island developing states and coastal communities. To address this need, this paper reports on a systematic review of 116 research papers from an initial set of around 650 academic peer-reviewed papers. These papers were assessed and categorised based on their planning framework or the approach utilised, measured climate change impacts, employed methods and tools, and recommended adaptation strategies or options. This study identified three important dimensions of a fully integrated climate change adaptation planning process, namely, integration in assessment, integration in modelling, and integration in adaptive responses. Moreover, it resulted in the formulation of a novel multi-layered integrative climate change adaptation planning approach. Adopting this holistic and integrative approach is more likely to yield better climate change adaptation in planning outcomes over the long term.

ACS Style

Mehdi Hafezi; Oz Sahin; Rodney Stewart; Brendan Mackey. Creating a Novel Multi-Layered Integrative Climate Change Adaptation Planning Approach Using a Systematic Literature Review. Sustainability 2018, 10, 4100 .

AMA Style

Mehdi Hafezi, Oz Sahin, Rodney Stewart, Brendan Mackey. Creating a Novel Multi-Layered Integrative Climate Change Adaptation Planning Approach Using a Systematic Literature Review. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (11):4100.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mehdi Hafezi; Oz Sahin; Rodney Stewart; Brendan Mackey. 2018. "Creating a Novel Multi-Layered Integrative Climate Change Adaptation Planning Approach Using a Systematic Literature Review." Sustainability 10, no. 11: 4100.

Review
Published: 01 October 2018 in Weather, Climate, and Society
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Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) is increasingly being advocated as a climate adaptation approach that can deliver multiple benefits to communities. EbA scholarship argues that community-based projects can strengthen those ecosystems that deliver critical services to communities and in doing so enhance community resilience. In particular, the inclusion of indigenous and traditional knowledge (ITK) into community-based EbA projects is positioned as critical to successful climate adaptation. Yet, there is surprisingly little investigation into how ITK is being defined and incorporated into EbA initiatives. This paper critically reviews EbA literature and provides empirical examples from Vanuatu and Samoa to demonstrate the different ways ITK relates to EbA projects. We find that there is widespread recognition that ITK is important for indigenous and local communities and can be employed successfully in EbA. However, this recognition is more aspirational than practical and is not being necessarily translated into ITK-informed or ITK-driven EbA projects. ITK should not be conceptualized simply as a collection of local environmental information that is integrated with Western scientific knowledge. Instead, ITK is part of nested knowledge systems (information–practices–worldviews) of indigenous peoples. This knowledge includes local natural resource management, sociocultural governance structures, social norms, spiritual beliefs, and historical and contemporary experiences of colonial dispossession and marginalization. At present, most EbA projects focus on the provision of information to main decision-makers only; however, since ITK is held collectively, it is essential that entire communities are included in ITK EbA projects. There is a huge potential for researchers and ITK holders to coproduce knowledge that would be best placed to drive climate adaptation in a changing world.

ACS Style

Johanna Nalau; Susanne Becken; Johanna Schliephack; Meg Parsons; Cilla Brown; Brendan Mackey. The Role of Indigenous and Traditional Knowledge in Ecosystem-Based Adaptation: A Review of the Literature and Case Studies from the Pacific Islands. Weather, Climate, and Society 2018, 10, 851 -865.

AMA Style

Johanna Nalau, Susanne Becken, Johanna Schliephack, Meg Parsons, Cilla Brown, Brendan Mackey. The Role of Indigenous and Traditional Knowledge in Ecosystem-Based Adaptation: A Review of the Literature and Case Studies from the Pacific Islands. Weather, Climate, and Society. 2018; 10 (4):851-865.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Johanna Nalau; Susanne Becken; Johanna Schliephack; Meg Parsons; Cilla Brown; Brendan Mackey. 2018. "The Role of Indigenous and Traditional Knowledge in Ecosystem-Based Adaptation: A Review of the Literature and Case Studies from the Pacific Islands." Weather, Climate, and Society 10, no. 4: 851-865.

Review
Published: 06 September 2018 in Environmental Science & Policy
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In the international climate policy arena, Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) has become the preferred adaptation approach to climate change in the least developed and developing countries. Its perceived strength lies in the premise that adaptation strategies need to address both ecosystems and livelihoods simultaneously, given these are crucially intertwined and both under a threat from climate change. While EbA has certainly made progress as an adaptation approach, a lack of understanding still exists how EbA approaches contribute to ‘effective’ adaptation, including the circumstances where they face constraints and limits. Furthermore, implementation of EbA approaches ideally requires a level of understanding about ecosystem structure, productivity and dynamics, and how these are affected by climate change and other direct anthropogenic stressors, that are rarely available in developing countries. This paper aimed to synthesise the current knowledge in the emerging body of EbA specific literature on the kinds of constraints that hamper the use of EbA. Our analysis examined the following constraints: economic and financial, governance and institutional, social and cultural, knowledge constraints and gaps, and physical and biological constraints and limits. The identified constraints demonstrate the complexities in developing, implementing, monitoring and evaluating EbA and propose significant further areas of research, including the need to provide well-documented case studies of EbA, which crystallise the main lessons learned such as practical challenges in designing and implementing EbA projects and research programs.

ACS Style

Johanna Nalau; Susanne Becken; Brendan Mackey. Ecosystem-based Adaptation: A review of the constraints. Environmental Science & Policy 2018, 89, 357 -364.

AMA Style

Johanna Nalau, Susanne Becken, Brendan Mackey. Ecosystem-based Adaptation: A review of the constraints. Environmental Science & Policy. 2018; 89 ():357-364.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Johanna Nalau; Susanne Becken; Brendan Mackey. 2018. "Ecosystem-based Adaptation: A review of the constraints." Environmental Science & Policy 89, no. : 357-364.