Bran is a by-product primarily derived from the milling of grains, notably wheat and rice. It is rich in dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals yet often remains underutilized in its raw form. This raw material is abundant and readily available, offering significant potential for value-added applications. In its unprocessed state, bran boasts a complex chemical composition that includes proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. However, it also contains antinutritional components such as phytic acid and enzyme inhibitors, which may limit its nutritional efficacy. Through further processing or storage, these components can be transformed to enhance their antioxidant properties and overall nutritional value. Bran is used in both animal feed and human food applications, though its use is often hindered by its high fiber content and antinutritional factors. To maximize its utility, innovative processing techniques are required to improve its digestibility and nutrient availability. Fermentation presents a viable method for enhancing the nutritional profile of bran. This process typically employs microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast, or fungi to break down complex compounds, thereby increasing the bioavailability of nutrients. After fermentation, bran exhibits improved chemical composition and nutritional value. The process reduces antinutritional components while enriching the bran with beneficial compounds like amino acids and probiotics. Utilizing fermented bran in animal feed offers numerous advantages, including enhanced digestive health, improved nutrient absorption, and augmented disease resistance. It serves as a sustainable feed alternative that supports livestock growth while aligning with ecological goals. The processing of bran through fermentation not only maximizes its nutritional potential but also contributes to sustainable agricultural practices by reducing waste. Future research should focus on optimizing fermentation techniques and exploring novel applications in both feed and food industries to fully realize the benefits of this versatile by-product.

Intestinal epithelia express two long myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK) splice variants, MLCK1 and MLCK2, which differ by the absence of a complete immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain 3 within MLCK2. MLCK1 is preferentially associated with the perijunctional actomyosin ring at steady state, and this localization is enhanced by inflammatory stimuli including tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Here, we sought to identify MLCK1 domains that direct perijunctional MLCK1 localization and their relevance to disease. Ileal biopsies from Crohn's disease patients demonstrated preferential increases in MLCK1 expression and perijunctional localization relative to healthy controls. In contrast to MLCK1, MLCK2 expressed in intestinal epithelia is predominantly associated with basal stress fibers, and the two isoforms have distinct effects on epithelial migration and barrier regulation. MLCK1(Ig1-4) and MLCK1(Ig1-3), but not MLCK2(Ig1-4) or MLCK1(Ig3), directly bind to F-actin in vitro and direct perijunctional recruitment in intestinal epithelial cells. Further study showed that Ig1 is unnecessary, but that, like Ig3, the unstructured linker between Ig1 and Ig2 (Ig1/2^us) is essential for recruitment. Despite being unable to bind F-actin or direct recruitment independently, Ig3 does have dominant negative functions that allow it to displace perijunctional MLCK1, increase steady-state barrier function, prevent TNF-induced MLCK1 recruitment, and attenuate TNF-induced barrier loss. These data define the minimal domain required for MLCK1 localization and provide mechanistic insight into the MLCK1 recruitment process. Overall, the results create a foundation for development of molecularly targeted therapies that target key domains to prevent MLCK1 recruitment, restore barrier function, and limit inflammatory bowel disease progression.

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of reduced dietary protein at natural high temperature in summer on the growth performance and carcass quality of finishing pigs. A total of 72 crossbreed pigs (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire) at an average body weight (BW) of 77 ± 5.7 kg were randomly assigned to two treatments, based on BW and sex, in six replicates per treatment, with six pigs per pen, using a randomized complete block design. The dietary crude protein (CP) level of the normal protein diet (NP) and the reduced protein diet (LP) were 12% and 10%, respectively. The growth performance and serum biochemical parameters of the pigs were analyzed for a 28-day experimental period. At the end of the experiment, 12 pigs were harvested to measure carcass characteristics and pork quality. The average highest ambient temperature during the experiment period was about 32.4 °C. There was a trend for the average daily feed intake (ADFI) to be lower in the pigs on the reduced protein diet compared to the control (p < 0.10) in the 0–28 day period. The serum urea nitrogen was lower (p < 0.05) for pigs fed the reduced protein diets only on day 14. The carcass characteristics and pork quality were not affected by dietary treatments. In conclusion, decreasing dietary crude protein percentage from 12% to 10% in finishing pigs in summer may have no negative effects on growth performance and carcass quality.

Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are recognized prebiotics with extensive applications in animal nutrition. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of chlortetracycline (CTC) supplementation alongside GOS on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and microbiota composition in weaned piglets. A total of 72 weaned piglets [(Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire)] with an initial body weight of 7.64 ± 0.15 kg were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments: a corn–soybean meal-based diet (CON), a corn–soybean meal-based diet supplemented with chlortetracycline (CTC) at 75 mg/kg, and a diet with 1500 mg/kg GOS. The experiment spanned 14 days, divided into early (1–7 days) and late (7–14 days) stages. The results indicated that the GOS group exhibited a significant increase in body weight (BW) by day 14 and improved average daily gain (ADG) from day 1 to 14, alongside a decreased feed-to-gain ratio and diarrhea incidence (p < 0.05). Notably, GOS supplementation enhanced the villus height of the jejunum and increased the ratio of villus height to crypt depth compared to the CON group, although no significant differences were observed between GOS and AntB groups. Additionally, the number of goblet cells in the colonic crypts increased significantly with GOS supplementation. High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed an increased relative abundance of Firmicutes in the GOS group, coupled with a decrease in Bacteroidetes and Spirochaetota. Beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Faecalibacterium were significantly enriched, while potentially pathogenic bacteria, including Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 and Treponema, were reduced. In summary, dietary GOS supplementation can enhance beneficial microbiota while diminishing harmful species, thereby improving intestinal morphology and growth performance in weaned piglets. Consequently, GOS emerges as a promising alternative to in-feed antibiotics in contemporary animal husbandry.

The growth and development of ruminants are closely linked to the stability and functional capacity of their rumen microbiota. Rumen microbiota transplantation (RMT), which entails the transfer of ruminal microorganisms and their metabolites from healthy donors to recipient animals, has emerged as a promising strategy for modulating host physiology. Accumulating evidence indicates that RMT can substantially influence nutrient digestion, immune function, and overall growth performance. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the mechanisms through which RMT affects ruminant growth and development, with particular attention to its roles in shaping microbial colonization and succession, enhancing rumen fermentation efficiency, and modulating host metabolic pathways. Together, these regulatory processes contribute to improved rumen maturation in young animals and enhanced production performance in adults. In addition, this review critically examines key factors governing the efficacy of RMT, including transplantation procedures, donor microbiota characteristics, and the physiological status of recipient animals. By integrating these insights, the present synthesis provides a conceptual framework to support the precise and effective application of RMT in the sustainable management of healthy ruminant production systems.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of fermented rapeseed meal (FRSM) replacing soybean meal (SBM) on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, serum biochemical parameters, and intestinal morphology in finishing pigs. Fifty healthy barrows (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire, DLY) were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 10): group A (control, soybean meal-based diet with 0% FRSM) and groups B, C, D, and E with 2.8%, 5.6%, 8.4%, and 11.2% FRSM inclusion, respectively. FRSM inclusion had no significant effect on growth performance. Compared with group A, group C showed greater bone weight and backfat thickness (p < 0.05), whereas group D had a lower dressing percentage (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, group D showed improved pressing loss and increased levels of arachidonic acid and α-linolenic acid (p < 0.05). Serum analysis revealed reduced malondialdehyde and elevated alanine, methionine, lysine, and cysteine concentrations in group D (p < 0.05). Jejunal villus height and villus height-to-crypt depth ratio were significantly increased in groups D and E, indicating improved intestinal morphology. However, group E reduced colonic acetic acid concentration. Adding 8.4% FRSM improved fatty acid composition, meat quality, and intestinal structure without compromising growth performance, suggesting that FRSM is a viable and sustainable alternative protein source in finishing pig diets.