Multiple biological functions of Mentha pulegium extract were evaluated in the current work. Phytochemical components of the M. pulegium extract were detected by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Moreover, M. pulegium extract was estimated for antioxidant potential by 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) free radical scavenging, antimicrobial activity by well diffusion, and anticoagulant activity via prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). GC-MS analysis detected compounds including cholesterol margarate, stigmast-5-en-3-ol, 19-nor-4-androstenediol, androstan-17-one, pulegone-1,2-epoxide, isochiapin B, dotriacontane, hexadecanoic acid and neophytadiene. Chrysoeriol (15.36 µg/mL) was followed by kaempferol (11.14 µg/mL) and 7-OH flavone (10.14 µg/mL), catechin (4.11 µg/mL), hisperdin (3.05 µg/mL), and luteolin (2.36 µg/mL) were detected by HPLC as flavonoids, in addition to ferulic (13.19 µg/mL), cinnamic (12.69 µg/mL), caffeic (11.45 µg/mL), pyrogallol (9.36 µg/mL), p-coumaric (5.06 µg/mL) and salicylic (4.17 µg/mL) as phenolics. Antioxidant activity was detected with IC₅₀ 18 µg/mL, hemolysis inhibition was recorded as 79.8% at 1000 μg/mL, and PT and APTT were at 21.5 s and 49.5 s, respectively, at 50 μg/mL of M. pulegium extract. The acute toxicity of M. pulegium extract was recorded against PC3 (IC₅₀ 97.99 µg/mL) and MCF7 (IC₅₀ 80.21 µg/mL). Antimicrobial activity of M. pulegium extract was documented against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonasaureus, Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but not against black fungus Mucor circinelloides. Molecular docking was applied using MOE (Molecular Operating Environment) to explain the biological activity of neophytadiene, luteolin, chrysoeriol and kaempferol. These compounds could be suitable for the development of novel pharmacological agents for treatment of cancer and bacterial infections.

Background: In the last few decades, the development of multidrug-resistant (MDR) microbes has accelerated alarmingly and resulted in significant health issues. Morbidity and mortality have increased along with the prevalence of infections caused by MDR bacteria, making the need to solve these problems an urgent and unmet challenge. Therefore, the current investigation aimed to evaluate the activity of linseed extract against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as an isolate from diabetic foot infection. In addition, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory biological activities of linseed extract were evaluated. Result: HPLC analysis indicated the presence of 1932.20 µg/mL, 284.31 µg/mL, 155.10 µg/mL, and 120.86 µg/mL of chlorogenic acid, methyl gallate, gallic acid, and ellagic acid, respectively, in the linseed extract. Rutin, caffeic acid, coumaric acid, and vanillin were also detected in the extract of linseed. Linseed extract inhibited MRSA (35.67 mm inhibition zone) compared to the inhibition zone (29.33 mm) caused by ciprofloxacin. Standards of chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid, methyl gallate, rutin, gallic acid, caffeic acid, catechin, and coumaric acid compounds reflected different inhibition zones against MRSA when tested individually, but less than the inhibitory action of crude extract. A lower MIC value, of 15.41 µg/mL, was observed using linseed extract than the MIC 31.17 µg/mL of the ciprofloxacin. The MBC/MIC index indicated the bactericidal properties of linseed extract. The inhibition % of MRSA biofilm was 83.98, 90.80, and 95.58%, using 25%, 50%, and 75%, respectively, of the MBC of linseed extract. A promising antioxidant activity of linseed extract was recorded, with an IC₅₀ value of 20.8 µg/mL. Anti-diabetic activity of linseed extract, expressed by glucosidase inhibition, showed an IC₅₀ of 177.75 µg/mL. Anti-hemolysis activity of linseed extract was documented at 90.1, 91.5, and 93.7% at 600, 800, and 1000 µg/mL, respectively. Anti-hemolysis activity of the chemical drug indomethacin, on the other hand, was measured at 94.6, 96.2, and 98.6% at 600, 800, and 1000 µg/mL, respectively. The interaction of the main detected compound in linseed extract (chlorogenic acid) with the crystal structure of the 4G6D protein of S. aureus was investigated via the molecular docking (MD) mode to determine the greatest binding approach that interacted most energetically with the binding locations. MD showed that chlorogenic acid was an appropriate inhibitor for S. aureus via inhibition of its 4HI0 protein. The MD interaction resulted in a low energy score (−6.26841 Kcal/mol) with specified residues (PRO 38, LEU 3, LYS 195, and LYS 2), indicating its essential role in the repression of S. aureus growth. Conclusion: Altogether, these findings clearly revealed the great potential of the in vitro biological activity of linseed extract as a safe source for combatting multidrug-resistant S. aureus. In addition, linseed extract provides health-promoting antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory phytoconstituents. Clinical reports are required to authenticate the role of linseed extract in the treatment of a variety of ailments and prevent the development of complications associated with diabetes mellitus, particularly type 2.

Background: Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies among women. Recent studies revealed that differentially methylated regions (DMRs) are implicated in regulating gene expression. The goal of this research was to determine which genes and pathways are dysregulated in breast cancer when their promoters are methylated in an abnormal way, leading to differential expression. Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing was applied to analyze DMRs for eight peripheral blood samples collected from five Saudi females diagnosed with stages I and II of breast cancer aligned with three normal females. Three of those patients and three normal samples were used to determine differentially expressed genes (DEG) using Illumina platform NovaSeq PE150. Results: Based on ontology (GO) and KEGG pathways, the analysis indicated that DMGs and DEG are closely related to associated processes, such as ubiquitin-protein transferase activity, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, and oxidative phosphorylation. The findings indicated a potentially significant association between global hypomethylation and breast cancer in Saudi patients. Our results revealed 81 differentially promoter-methylated and expressed genes. The most significant differentially methylated and expressed genes found in gene ontology (GO) are pumilio RNA binding family member 1 (PUM1) and zinc finger AN1-type containing 2B (ZFAND2B) also known as (AIRAPL). Conclusion: The essential outcomes of this study suggested that aberrant hypermethylation at crucial genes that have significant parts in the molecular pathways of breast cancer could be used as a potential prognostic biomarker for breast cancer.

A comparison study between the application of gibberellic acid (GA3) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a biostimulant on the growth and molecular structures of Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) has been carried out through a pot experiment. Growth of Solanum melongena L. increased with exogenous application of GA3 followed by yeast. Chlorophyll contents of plant were enhanced with yeast treatment compared with GA3 application and control. Activitiy of antioxidant enzymes, catalase and peroxidase was increased with increasing concentration of GA3 and S. cerevisiae application particularly with using GA3. HPLC analysis showed the highest concentration of salicylic acid in plant treated with GA3 (104.20 mg) followed by S. cerevisiae (70.00 mg) application compared with the untreated plant (57.86 mg). Six common polypeptide bands were observed in treated and untreated S. melongena plants, their molecular weights were 16, 17, 34, 90, 120 and 150 KDa. While the untreated S. melongena plant is characterized by the presence of 8 polypeptide bands, their molecular weights were 19, 24, 32, 33, 36, 50, 109 and 133 KDa. Yeast treatment increased the number of protein bands to 12 instead of 8 in the control plant with molecular weights 18, 125, 74, 69, 62, 31, 30, 27, 25, 23, 20 and 18 KDa. Three polypeptide bands with molecular weights 25, 72 and 125 KDa were detected in S. cerevisiae and GA3 treated plants. PCR analysis showed that total of 16 amplified fragments was visualized in the tested samples. Eight fragments with different molecular weights, four of them are monomorphic bands while the others are polymorphic unique bands. Plant sample sprayed with yeast showed 5 fragments range in molecular weight between 426 to 1766 bp. Only one of these fragments was unique polymorphic fragment. Four monomorphic fragments range in molecular weight from 426 to 1213 bp were showed up in plant sample sprayed with gibberellic acid.

Acacia seyal is a medicinal plant rich in bioactive compounds known for their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. Conventional plant extracts often suffer from poor stability and limited bioavailability, reducing their therapeutic effectiveness. The utilization of chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NPs) offers a promising strategy to enhance biological activity of plant extracts. Encapsulation of A. seyal seeds extract (ASSE) in CS-NPs (ASSE@CS-NPs) was the aim of the present investigation to compete Helicobacter pylori and HCT116 cancer cells. The phytochemical profile of ASSE revealed diverse phenolic acids and flavonoids via HPLC analysis. Methyl gallate was dominated (20.98 mg/g), followed by gallic acid, and catechin. FTIR analysis confirmed characteristic functional groups in ASSE and CS-NPs. Peak shifts and intensity variations in ASSE@CS-NPs indicated successful encapsulation through hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions. ASSE@CS-NPs showed the strongest anti- H. pylori effect with inhibition zone (23.7 mm) and lowest MIC/MBC (15.62 µg/mL). Compared to CS-NPs (20.7 mm, 31.25 µg/mL) and ASSE (19.7 mm, 31.25 µg/mL). ASSE@CS-NPs showed notable antioxidant activity, achieving 96% scavenging at 1000 µg/mL with IC ₅₀ of 3µg/mL compared to ASSE (5 µg/mL) and CS-NPs (74 µg/mL). ASSE@CS-NPs exhibited potent cytotoxicity against HCT116 cells with IC ₅₀ of 23 µg/mL, outperforming ASSE (588 µg/mL) and CS-NPs (120 µg/mL). The formulation achieved > 80% inhibition at 62.5 µg/mL. Molecular docking was performed to evaluate the binding affinity and interaction patterns of methyl gallate (a main constituent of ASSE) and chitosan against H. pylori urease (PDB ID: 6ZJA). Docking results revealed favorable binding scores for both ligands, with chitosan showing higher affinity (S score: − 6.42 kcal/mol) compared to methyl gallate (S score: − 5.45 kcal/mol). Key hydrogen bond interactions were observed with active site residues ASP362 and ALA169 for methyl gallate, and ASP223 and HIS323 for chitosan. These results suggest that ASSE@CS-NPs possess inhibitory potential against H. pylori and HCT116 cells. Graphical

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