Natural origin molecules represent reliable and excellent sources to overcome some medicinal problems. The study of anticancer, anticoagulant, and antimicrobial activities of Thevetia peruviana latex were the aim of the current research. An investigation using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed that the major content of the flavonoids are rutin (11.45 µg/mL), quersestin (7.15 µg/mL), naringin (5.25 µg/mL), and hisperdin (6.07 µg/mL), while phenolic had chlorogenic (12.39 µg/mL), syringenic (7.45 µg/mL), and ferulic (5.07 µg/mL) acids in latex of T. peruviana. Via 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, the experiment demonstrated that latex had a potent antioxidant activity with the IC₅₀ 43.9 µg/mL for scavenging DPPH. Hemolysis inhibition was 58.5% at 1000 µg/mL of latex compared with 91.0% at 200 µg/mL of indomethacin as positive control. Negligible anticoagulant properties of latex were reported where the recorded time was 11.9 s of prothrombin time (PT) and 29.2 s of the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) at 25 µg/mL, compared with the same concentration of heparin (PT 94.6 s and APPT 117.7 s). The anticancer potential of latex was recorded against PC-3 (97.11% toxicity) and MCF-7 (96.23% toxicity) at 1000 μg/mL with IC₅₀ 48.26 μg/mL and 40.31 µg/mL, respectively. Disc diffusion assessment for antimicrobial activity recorded that the most sensitive tested microorganisms to latex were Bacillus subtilis followed by Escherichia coli, with an inhibition zone (IZ) of 31 mm with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (10.2 μg/mL) and 30 mm (MIC, 12.51 μg/mL), respectively. Moreover, Candida albicans was sensitive (IZ, 28 mm) to latex, unlike black fungus (Mucor circinelloides). TEM examination exhibited ultrastructure changes in cell walls and cell membranes of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa treated with latex. Energy scores of the molecular docking of chlorogenic acid with E. coli DNA (7C7N), and Rutin with human prostate-specific antigen (3QUM) and breast cancer-associated protein (1JNX), result in excellent harmony with the experimental results. The outcome of research recommended that the latex is rich in constituents and considered a promising source that contributes to fighting cancer and pathogenic microorganisms.

Background: In the last few decades, the development of multidrug-resistant (MDR) microbes has accelerated alarmingly and resulted in significant health issues. Morbidity and mortality have increased along with the prevalence of infections caused by MDR bacteria, making the need to solve these problems an urgent and unmet challenge. Therefore, the current investigation aimed to evaluate the activity of linseed extract against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as an isolate from diabetic foot infection. In addition, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory biological activities of linseed extract were evaluated. Result: HPLC analysis indicated the presence of 1932.20 µg/mL, 284.31 µg/mL, 155.10 µg/mL, and 120.86 µg/mL of chlorogenic acid, methyl gallate, gallic acid, and ellagic acid, respectively, in the linseed extract. Rutin, caffeic acid, coumaric acid, and vanillin were also detected in the extract of linseed. Linseed extract inhibited MRSA (35.67 mm inhibition zone) compared to the inhibition zone (29.33 mm) caused by ciprofloxacin. Standards of chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid, methyl gallate, rutin, gallic acid, caffeic acid, catechin, and coumaric acid compounds reflected different inhibition zones against MRSA when tested individually, but less than the inhibitory action of crude extract. A lower MIC value, of 15.41 µg/mL, was observed using linseed extract than the MIC 31.17 µg/mL of the ciprofloxacin. The MBC/MIC index indicated the bactericidal properties of linseed extract. The inhibition % of MRSA biofilm was 83.98, 90.80, and 95.58%, using 25%, 50%, and 75%, respectively, of the MBC of linseed extract. A promising antioxidant activity of linseed extract was recorded, with an IC₅₀ value of 20.8 µg/mL. Anti-diabetic activity of linseed extract, expressed by glucosidase inhibition, showed an IC₅₀ of 177.75 µg/mL. Anti-hemolysis activity of linseed extract was documented at 90.1, 91.5, and 93.7% at 600, 800, and 1000 µg/mL, respectively. Anti-hemolysis activity of the chemical drug indomethacin, on the other hand, was measured at 94.6, 96.2, and 98.6% at 600, 800, and 1000 µg/mL, respectively. The interaction of the main detected compound in linseed extract (chlorogenic acid) with the crystal structure of the 4G6D protein of S. aureus was investigated via the molecular docking (MD) mode to determine the greatest binding approach that interacted most energetically with the binding locations. MD showed that chlorogenic acid was an appropriate inhibitor for S. aureus via inhibition of its 4HI0 protein. The MD interaction resulted in a low energy score (−6.26841 Kcal/mol) with specified residues (PRO 38, LEU 3, LYS 195, and LYS 2), indicating its essential role in the repression of S. aureus growth. Conclusion: Altogether, these findings clearly revealed the great potential of the in vitro biological activity of linseed extract as a safe source for combatting multidrug-resistant S. aureus. In addition, linseed extract provides health-promoting antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory phytoconstituents. Clinical reports are required to authenticate the role of linseed extract in the treatment of a variety of ailments and prevent the development of complications associated with diabetes mellitus, particularly type 2.

Background: In many countries, agricultural residues are generated in large quantities, and most of these are underutilized and considered waste, especially in developing countries.Result: In this study,Curvularia affiniswas isolated from the leaves ofPhaseolus vulgarisL. beans and identified using 18S rRNA sequencing.C. affiniswas tested for exo- and endoglucanase production using biomass of bean waste compared with the use of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) as its growth substrates.C. affiniswas better able to produce exo- and endoglucanase enzymes on bean waste biomass than on MCC and CMC. The highest activities of exo- and endoglucanase were detected with substrate concentrations 2% using MCC or CMC and with 4% using bean waste. The optimum incubation period for enzymes activity was 6 days with MCC or CMC (activity was 5.90 and 2.99 U/g of exoglucanase and endoglucanase, respectively) and 8 days with bean waste where activity was 3.64 U/g and 0.92 U/g of exoglucanase and endoglucanase, respectively. Exo- and endoglucanase production showed the highest activity at pH 5–6. In process wherein surfactant (Tween 80) was used, the exoglucanase activity gradually increased from 5.92 U/g to 6.20 U/g and then decreased to 5.70 U/g at 0.50% compared with that using the MCC substrate. The exoglucanase activity gradually increased from 3.80 U/g at 0.0% to 4.12 U/g at 0.20% and then decreased to 3.01 U/g at 0.50% Tween 80 using bean waste. Pretreated bean biomass also yielded higher enzyme production than the non-pretreated biomass. Alkaline-pretreated biomass showed the highest enzyme production compared with acid-treated residues, followed by the H₂O₂-treated ones.Conclusion: The study concluded thatC. affinisproduce exo- and endoglucanase enzymes using cheap and abundant biomass of beans. Moreover, optimization of enzymes indicated that pretreatment of biomass bean biomass is a good choice process for enhanced enzymes productivity.

Natural products are rich therapeutic sources, yet their translation into effective medicines remains challenging. Bee venom (BV) contains a diverse repertoire of bioactive molecules, but gentle, scalable methods to enhance its functionality are limited. This study, therefore, investigates a novel, solvent-free, post-extraction infrared (IR) conditioning step to fine-tune BV's composition and bioactivity. BV was irradiated (230 V, 50 Hz, 150 W) and compared to native extract using GC–MS and bioactivity assays. GC–MS revealed selective compositional tuning, with significant enrichment ( p ≤ 0.05) of 4H-1-benzopyran-4-one, 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3,5-dihydroxy-7-methoxy. IR-treated BV exhibited enhanced antimicrobial activity, with increased zones of inhibition for Staphylococcus aureus (15 ± 0.1 vs. 11 ± 0.4 mm), Bacillus subtilis (24 ± 0.2 vs. 22 ± 0.6 mm), Candida albicans (26 ± 0.1 vs. 22 ± 0.5 mm), Klebsiella pneumoniae (24 ± 0.4 vs. 15 ± 0.3 mm), and Salmonella typhi (27 ± 0.8 vs. 20 ± 0.7 mm). MICs decreased for S. aureus , B. subtilis , and K. pneumoniae . The treated BV also showed stronger antibiofilm activity at 25% MBC concentrations for K. pneumoniae and S. typhi ( p ≤ 0.05) and significantly reduced hemolysis at 25% MIC for S. aureus and B. subtilis ( p ≤ 0.05). Antioxidant capacity increased (DPPH IC ₅₀ : 16.47 ± 1.1 vs. 27.65 ± 0.8 µg/mL), as did anti-inflammatory activity (COX-2 IC ₅₀ : 48.84 ± 0.2 vs. 50.99 ± 0.9 µg/mL; COX-1 IC ₅₀ : 24.7 ± 0.2 vs. 41.74 ± 0.2 µg/mL). Cytotoxicity against PC-3 and SKOV-3 cells was maintained (IC ₅₀ : 19.73 ± 0.9 and 19.76 ± 0.11 µg/mL, respectively, vs. native BV's 11.48 ± 0.3 and 17.46 ± 0.27 µg/mL). These findings establish brief IR irradiation as a practical, scalable post-processing strategy to selectively enhance the therapeutic potential of BV for biomedical applications. Graphical abstract

Wood is a widely used natural material in various industries due to its availability and versatility. In recent years, nanotechnology has been explored as a promising approach to improve wood durability and resistance against biological degradation. Studies on wood preservation using nanoparticles (NPs) have focused on enhancing wood’s resilience to weathering and biological deterioration, as well as increasing its fire resistance. Nanosized metals can effectively preserve wood by penetrating deeply into it. Applications of nanotechnology may increase wood’s resilience to fungus-induced deterioration. This review concentrates on the efficacy of NPs in enhancing the qualities of wood and wood-derived goods and shielding them from biological degradation, including fungal decay and enzymatic breakdown of wood.