The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the botany, phytochemistry, and biological activities of eight Salvia species, namely Salvia aethiopis L., S. sclarea L., S. dumetorum Andrz. ex Besser, S. deserta Schang., S. trautvetteri Rgl., S. macrosiphon Boiss., S. virgata Jacq., and S. verticillata L., which are widespread in Kazakhstan. The genus Salvia is renowned for its diverse medicinal properties, and these species are no exception, contributing to the rich natural pharmacopoeia of the region. The botanical characteristics of these species, including their morphological features, distribution, and ecological adaptations, are discussed. The present review also explores the phytochemical composition of these plants, focusing on bioactive compounds such as terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenolic acids, which are responsible for their medicinal potential. Biological activities including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and neuroprotective effects are evaluated based on available in vitro and in vivo studies. In addition, the review highlights the traditional uses of these species in local medicine and suggests avenues for future research to further elucidate their pharmacological potential. This synthesis provides valuable insights into the medicinal importance of these Salvia species in Kazakhstan and supports their continued exploration for therapeutic applications.

According to modern concepts, the genus Hyssopus L. includes seven plant species (Hyssopus ambiguus (Trautv.) Iljin ex Prochorov. & Lebel; Hyssopus cuspidatus Boriss; Hyssopus latilabiatus C.Y.Wu & H.W. Li; Hyssopus macranthus Boriss.; Hyssopus officinalis L.; Hyssopus seravschanicus (Dubj.) Pazij; Hyssopus subulifolius (Rech.f.) Rech.f.). The plants are rich in various groups of biologically active substances with a wide spectrum of pharmacological action. This review presents a modern comprehensive overview of the botanical research, extraction methods, chemical composition and pharmacological activity of plants of the genus Hyssopus L. As a result of the review, it was established that the chemical composition of plant extracts of the genus Hyssopus L. depends on various factors (place of growth, weather conditions, chemotypes, extraction methods, etc.). For the further use of the plants, the extraction methods and low-molecular metabolites isolated from them (mono- and sesquiterpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, etc.) are discussed. The data from the review provide an assessment of the relevance.

This review is devoted to a systematic analysis of studies aimed at investigating plant extracts, essential oils and phytochemical compounds capable of inhibiting Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation. This paper investigates the effect of extracts, essential oils and individual plant compounds on inhibiting the biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans, one of the major pathogens responsible for the development of dental caries. Using cultural microbiology and molecular biology techniques, the authors describe the mechanisms by which plant samples reduce Streptococcus mutans adhesion and growth. The results show that several plant components have antibacterial properties, contributing to the reduction of Streptococcus mutans colony numbers and inhibiting the synthesis of extract-exopolysaccharide matrices required for biofilm formation. This work highlights the potential of botanicals in inhibiting Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation, which can be applied as natural antimicrobial agents in the prevention and treatment of dental diseases. Views on the use of these plant extracts and their components in dental preparations such as toothpastes, rinses and gels aimed at preventing dental caries are evaluated. The review shows the relevance of the research to optimizing the use of plant extracts, essential oils, individual compounds and their active actions in the control of Streptococcus mutans biofilms.

Salvia dumetorum essential oil (SDEO) was obtained using a Clevenger apparatus by hydrodistillation approach. The chemical composition of the essential oil was determined by GC-MS analysis. In this study SDEO was screened for its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans and the amount of biofilm formed by Streptococcus mutans bacteria. For the first time the chemical composition of SDEO growing in Central Kazakhstan was established. The results obtained from GC-MS showed the predominance of sesquiterpenoids (54.15%). The antibacterial study results showed that SDEO exhibited strong antibacterial activity against B. subtilis and S. aureus in vitro and also demonstrated an inhibitory effect on S. mutans biofilm formation on 1% sucrose medium. During the study, no antibacterial activity was detected against E. coli and C. albicans. These results demonstrated that SDEO can be used in the development of new antibacterial and anti-caries therapeutic dental products.

According to current taxonomic consensus, the genus Fragaria L. (family Rosaceae) comprises nine recognized species: Fragaria × ananassa (Duchartre ex Weston) Duchesne ex Rozier, Fragaria bucharica Losinsk., Fragaria viridis subsp. campestris (Steven) Pael., Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Mill., Fragaria moschata Duchesne ex Weston, Fragaria orientalis Losinsk., Fragaria vesca L., Fragaria virginiana Mill., and Fragaria viridis Duchartre. Within the flora of Kazakhstan, two species are of particular significance: F. vesca L. and F. viridis Weston. The genus Fragaria L. is notable for its high content of diverse classes of biologically active compounds, which exhibit a broad spectrum of pharmacological and physiological activities. This review focuses on two Fragaria species native to the flora of Kazakhstan: F. vesca L. and F. viridis Weston. It summarizes recent advances in their botanical characterization, phytochemical profiling, extraction methodologies, and biological activities. Available evidence indicates that the phytochemical composition of extracts obtained from these species is modulated by a range of environmental and biological factors. These include habitat conditions, climate variability, chemotypic diversity, and the specific extraction protocols applied. Particular emphasis is placed on modern extraction techniques and the identification of low-molecular-weight metabolites. These include anthocyanins, volatile organic compounds, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, which contribute significantly to the observed biological effects. The review findings support the relevance of continued research into the potential application of these species as sources for the development of novel therapeutic and prophylactic agents. In addition, they highlight their promise for use in the formulation of biologically active compounds intended for food supplements and cosmetic products.

Salvia dumetorum Andrz. ex Besser is a promising non-pharmacopoeial plant species with traditional medicinal potential. This study aimed to determine the optimal microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) conditions for obtaining a polyphenol-rich ethanolic extract from the S. dumetorum leaves. Dried and powdered leaves were extracted using 40% ethanol with different power of microwaves varying from 200 to 800 W and time of extraction 2–8 min. The extract was filtered, concentrated, and evaluated for yield, identification of phenolic compounds using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC). Extraction yields ranged from 2.20% to 25.80% based on dry weight. TPC and TFC were determined using Folin–Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric assays, respectively, and are expressed as mg GAE/g and mg RUE/g of dry extract. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical) assay. According to HPLC analysis, the main phenolic components of the extracts were rosmarinic acid (1.78–2.95 mg/mL), chlorogenic acid (0.31–0.54 mg/mL), caffeic acid (0.11–0.20 mg/mL), rutin (up to 0.47 mg/mL) and ferulic acid (0.13–0.33 mg/mL); traces of myricetin were found only in isolated samples. The optimum extraction conditions were found to be 400 W microwave power, 8 min extraction time, one MAE cycle, and a 1:30 g/mL solvent-to-material loading ratio; TPC and TFC were evaluated as 35.23 ± 0.50 mg GAE/g DW and 19.94 ± 0.14 mg RuE/g DW, respectively, indicating the highest yield of polyphenolic compounds, antioxidant potential inhibiting 96.68% ± 0.27 of DPPH radicals, and IC₅₀ = 10.24 µg/mL. These findings highlight the efficiency of MAE in producing a bioactive ethanolic extract of S. dumetorum, which can be further explored for potential applications as a natural antioxidant in pharmaceutical or cosmetic formulations.