The multidimensional model of empowering and disempowering coach climates has great relevance within the scope of intervention in the context of Sport Psychology. This scoping review of studies summarizes the scientific production of the empowering and disempowering motivational climates. The search comprised the Web of Science, Scopus, Psycinfo, and Pubmed databases for English, Portuguese, and Spanish articles published between 2013 and 2022. A total of 44 articles were found, of which 22 were included in the present study: 16 concerned cross-sectional studies, four were psychometrics validation studies, one involved a transversal cohort study, and one included a qualitative study. The questionnaire EDMCQ-C (Coach-created Empowering and Disempowering Motivational Questionnaire) is the most used and with the necessary psychometric qualities when it comes to assessing the empowering and disempowering motivational climates and their various impacts. We describe results concerning the measurement, antecedents, and effects of empowering and disempowering coach climates. Future research should invest in the study of empirical evidence that could be added to the existing nomological framework, considering antecedents, development, direct and indirect effects, moderating effects, aggregated effects, and qualitative studies.

The coach-created motivational climate refers to the environmental factors that influence the athletes’ emotional, cognitive, physical and social experiences and could be more or less empowering. The present study aimed to determine the connection between the empowering and disempowering motivational climate (EDMC) with other variables, from several sports (328 males and 118 females; M age = 17.60 years; SD = 6.27) completed questionnaires assessing perceptions of coach-created motivational climates, burnout, fear of failure and grit. Structural equation modeling revealed that the empowering motivational climate is negatively related with burnout and with fear of failure. In addition, the disempowering motivational climate is positively related with burnout and with fear of failure. In turn, the grit dimension, perseverance of effort, was not significantly associated with burnout; it showed, however, a significantly negative association with fear of failure. The EDMCs were not related with grit-perseverance of effort and grit-consistence of interests. Overall, this study suggests that creating empowering environments can play a crucial role in mitigating emotional and physical exhaustion, as well as the fear of failure that athletes often experience in the context of sports.

El grit implica una actitud apasionada y persistente, ser capaz de mantener el enfoque y la determinación incluso frente a obstáculos y fracasos. La perseverancia en el esfuerzo contribuye al logro de la maestría y la consistencia en los intereses promueve el compromiso con la práctica deliberada en prol de la excelencia. El objetivo del presente estudio fue validar la Escala Portuguesa Grit-S en el contexto del deporte. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 446 atletas federados (328 hombres y 190 mujeres; edad M = 17,60 años; SD = 6,27). Después de eliminar un ítem de la Grit-S, el análisis factorial confirmatorio mostró que la escala de estructura de dos factores es aceptable en la muestra portuguesa. El modelo de medición comprobó su invariabilidad en función del género. Asimismo, encontramos una correlación negativa significativa entre la consistencia de los intereses y la perseverancia en el esfuerzo. En conclusión, la versión portuguesa de la escala reducida del Grit (Grit-S), adaptada para el contexto deportivo, presentó dos factores con propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para ser aplicados en este contexto. Por lo tanto, puede ser aplicable y útil en contextos deportivos de habla portuguesa por parte de entrenadores y psicólogos.

Review question / Objective: The multidimensional model of empowering and disempowering coach climates created by Duda (2013) has a great relevance within the scope of intervention in the context of Sport Psychology. This scoping review of studies summarizes the scientific production about the empowering and disempowering motivational climates created by Duda (2013). The search included the, Web of Science, Scopus, Psycinfo, and Pubmed databases for English, Portuguese and Spanish articles published between 2013 and 2022. A total of 44 studies were found, which 22 were included in the present study. From the 22 studies, 16 were cross- sectional studies, 4 were psychometrics validation studies, 1 concerned a transversal cohort study and 1 concerned a qualitative study. The coach-created Empowering and Disempowering motivational questionnaire (EDMCQ-C) is, the most used and with the necessary psychometric qualities when it comes to assessing the empow-ering and disempowering motivational climates and their various impacts. We describe results concerning the measurement, antecedents and effects of empowering and disempowering coach climates and future research should invest in the study of empirical evidence that could be added to the existing nomological framework, considering antecedents, development, direct and indirect effects, moderating effects, aggregated effects and qualitative studies.