Wear and corrosion are common issues of material degradation and failure in industrial appliances. Wear is a damaging process that can impact surface contacts and, more specifically, can cause the loss and distortion of material from a surface because of the contacting object’s mechanical action via motion. More wear occurs during the process of corrosion, in which oxide particles or debris are released from the contacting material. These types of wear debris and accumulated oxide particles released during corrosion cause a combination of wear-corrosion processes. Bringing together the fields of tribology and corrosion research, tribocorrosion is a field of study which deals with mechanical and electrochemical interactions between bodies in motion. More specifically, it is the study of mechanisms caused by the combined effects of mechanical stress and chemical/electrochemical interactions with the environment. Tribocorrosion testing methods provide new opportunities for studying the electrochemical nature of corrosion combined with mechanical loading to establish a synergistic relationship between corrosion and wear. To improve tribological, mechanical, and anti-corrosion performances, several surface modification techniques are being applied to develop functional coatings with micro/nano features. This review of the literature explores recent and enlightening research into the tribocorrosive properties of micro/nano coatings. It also looks at recent discussions of the most common experimental methods and some newer, promising experimental methods in tribocorrosion to elucidate their applications in the field of micro/nano coatings.

Nanomaterial-based systems (NBS) have emerged as transformative elements in advanced surface engineering, offering superior corrosion resistance, mechanical strength, and tribological resilience governed by unique phenomena inherent to the nanoscale. However, bridging the knowledge gap between these enhanced physicochemical properties and the metrological tools required to quantify them remains a critical challenge. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the fundamental mechanisms, state-of-the-art experimental techniques, and computational strategies employed to probe NBS behavior. The article first elucidates the core mechanisms driving performance, including passive barrier formation, stimuli-responsive active corrosion inhibition, grain boundary strengthening, and the formation of protective tribo-films by 2D nanomaterial-based systems. Subsequently, the article evaluates the transition from conventional macroscopic testing to high-resolution in situ characterization, highlighting the capabilities of High-Speed Atomic Force Microscopy (HS-AFM), Liquid Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy (LC-TEM), and nanoindentation in visualizing dynamic defect evolution and measuring localized mechanical responses. Furthermore, the indispensable role of computational materials science—specifically Molecular Dynamics (MD) and Machine Learning (ML)—in predictive modeling and elucidating atomic-scale interactions is discussed. Finally, persistent challenges regarding substrate interference, sample heterogeneity, and instrumentation limits are addressed, concluding with a perspective on future research directions focused on standardization, operando testing, and the development of AI-driven “Digital Twins” for accelerated testing and material optimization.

Silicone/phosphor composite, which serve as mechanical protection and light conversion material, is an integral part of white light-emitting diode (LED) package. In this paper, a comprehensive study is conducted to investigate the effect of humidity and phosphor on moisture absorption, hygroscopic swelling, mechanical behavior, as well as thermal properties of silicone/phosphor composite in comparison with the pure silicone. SEM/EDAX and FTIR were performed to identify the phosphor and silicone compositions. Through moisture sorption test, it has been observed that the addition of phosphor significantly lowers the capacity of moisture absorption, but accelerates the diffusivity of moisture absorption. The hygroscopic swelling test showed that the phosphor has little effect on the swelling compared to the pure silicone sample. Both moisture absorption/desorption and hygroscopic swelling/de-swelling are reversible. Strain ramp test revealed that the phosphor enhances the stiffness of the composite. The moisture absorption, however, has negligible impact on mechanical stiffness for both pure and composite samples. Finally, thermal expansion test showed that the coefficient of thermal expansion does not change with the addition of phosphor into pure silicone.

Generally smart grid is a modern technology of power system which can convert the whole power system in to digital format. In brief, a smart grid is the use of sensors, communications, computational ability and control in some form to enhance the overall functionality of the electric power delivery system. A system becomes smart by sensing, communicating, applying intelligence, exercising control and through feedback. For an ideal power system, this permits several functions which can optimize in the combination of the use of bulk generation and storage, transmission, distribution, and consumers. It can fulfill the goal which can ensure reliability and optimization of the use of Energy. It will also keep the environment free from pollution, save the assets, minimize the cost, easy operation against all hazards, maximum possibility to keep out from danger, provides power quality for 21st century needs. The focus of this paper is to familiarize with smart grid perspective to Bangladesh. The conception of smart grid is almost new is Bangladesh. The whole power system network in Bangladesh is very elaborate and complex but primitive. To reduce this complexity and improve the performance of the system, smart grid can be a better solution. Load-shedding is a common phenomenon in Bangladesh. It can be solved by smart grid technology. As it can automatically detect, calculate and distribute electricity as per load requirements, it reduces the system loss and at the same time a certain amount of electricity from the grid would always be available at each consumer side even at the time of load shedding. Bangladesh can be greatly benefited by using this technology. The main objective of this paper is to discuss the necessity of smart grid for the perspective of Bangladesh which may be an effective solution to overcome the recent power crisis.

The performance of Cu ₂ ZnSnS ₄ (CZTS) solar cell was investigated using a simulator called Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator(SCAPS). An n doped Zinc Oxide(n-ZnO)/Indium Sulfide(In ₂ S ₃ )/CZTS structure was used in the simulation. These materials are cheap and non-toxic which is an important factor keeping the idea of mass production in mind. The performance was recorded for different thicknesses of CZTS absorber layer, different thicknesses of the buffer layer and different values of acceptor density of CZTS. The thickness of the CZTS absorption layer was varied between 0.25-5.0μm, absorption layer carrier density was changed between 0-2*10 ¹⁴ cm ^-3 and the buffer layer was 50nm thick. CZTS layer was thicker than In ₂ S ₃ in order to increase the photon absorption which will eventually produce electricity. These parameters were optimized and the best energy conversion efficiency obtained was obtained 19.23% (with V _oc =0.835v, J _sc =27.675mA/cm ² , fill factor=83.22%). The study also includes the effect of high temperature of the proposed structure. Simulations show the favorable result which can help to prove the feasibility of highly efficient CZTS thin film solar cell.