Recent years have witnessed the rise of artificial intelligence (AI) in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) management, implying a positive signal in the fight against antibiotic-resistant microbes. The impact of AI starts with data collection and preparation for deploying AI-driven systems, which can lay the foundation for some effective infection control strategies. Primary applications of AI include identifying potential antimicrobial molecules, rapidly testing antimicrobial susceptibility, and optimizing antibiotic combinations. Aside from their outstanding effectiveness, these applications also express high potential in narrowing the burden gap of AMR among different settings around the world. Despite these benefits, the interpretability of AI-based systems or models remains vague. Attempts to address this issue had led to two novel explanation techniques, but none have shown enough robustness or comprehensiveness to be widely applied in AI and AMR control. A multidisciplinary collaboration between the medical field and advanced technology is therefore needed to partially manage this situation and improve the AI systems’ performance and their effectiveness against drug-resistant pathogens, in addition to multiple equity actions for mitigating the failure risks of AI due to a global-scale equity gap.

The increasing concerns over emerging infectious diseases and potential pandemics led to the formation of One Health, a collaborative, multidisciplinary approach to address the risks from human–animal–ecosystem interactions. This multi-sectoral approach is specifically important in Australia, a biodiverse country with unique flora, fauna, and many infectious diseases, including leptospirosis. Leptospirosis is a relatively rare but potentially fatal zoonosis, with an attributed mortality of around 60,000 deaths per year worldwide. In recent years, sporadic cases and alarming outbreaks of leptospirosis have been notified in many states and territories of Australia, noteworthily in 2018 and 2019. The sudden outbreaks in these two years have raised a question about the possibility of a more severe menace or a potential threat to both humans and animals. Amid the fight against leptospirosis, One Health has been shown to be an excellent and ideal framework, especially in Australia, the country that has taken the lead in zoonosis control using this approach. In this review, the focus will be put on the effectiveness and ethics of One Health in leptospirosis control under the Australian setting to further advocate the implementation of this framework for many other infectious diseases.

Oral anticoagulants for venous thromboembolism are not thoroughly managed in ambulatory settings in low-/middle-income countries, primarily because of patients' neglect of medication knowledge and adherence. This study was conducted to investigate patient knowledge, adherence, and the associated factors at a Vietnamese tertiary hospital, serving as a reference for educational programs in other local and regional health care facilities. A randomly recruited cross-sectional study was conducted on patients using vitamin K antagonists (VKA) or direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC). The primary and secondary outcomes were the knowledge score (in percent) and adherence to oral anticoagulants. Student's t-tests or chi-squared tests were used to compare the crude differences in mean or proportion between patients taking VKA and DOAC. Regression models were conducted to adjust the potential confounders and determine factors associated with patient knowledge and adherence. A total of 199 patients were included. After adjusting for potential confounders, patients receiving a DOAC had similar knowledge scores and levels of adherence compared with those taking VKA, with both groups being suboptimal. Previous counseling was associated with higher knowledge. Better medication knowledge, female sex, and no history of venous thromboembolism were associated with better adherence. Good knowledge and adherence of oral anticoagulant-taking patients remain limited in Southeast Asian clinical practice. Further studies in similar settings should examine the associations between these factors and the effectiveness of the regimens. More effective measures targeting patient knowledge and adherence should be implemented to optimize anticoagulation therapy, improve the patients' outcomes, and mitigate the associated adverse effects.

Background: In Vietnam, diabetes‐related knowledge and self‐management practices remain suboptimal, with limited interventions addressing the diverse counseling needs of Type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients. This study is aimed at identifying the counseling topics most preferred by T2D patients and examine the factors influencing their preferences to inform the development of targeted, cost‐effective health counseling initiatives. Methods: A cross‐sectional, descriptive study was conducted among 460 outpatients with T2D using structured interviews and medical records. Participants selected one of three counseling topics: disease‐related knowledge (which provided information on the causes, symptoms, complications, and treatment options for T2D), nutrition and lifestyle (which included personalized guidance on food choices, healthy eating patterns, physical activity, and weight management), or medication information (which provided education on prescribed medications, dosage, timing, potential side effects, and proper administration). Multinomial logistic regression was employed to identify sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with counseling preferences. Results: Among the participants, nutrition and lifestyle counseling was the most preferred topic (49%), followed by disease‐related knowledge (33%), and medication information (18%). Factors influencing preferences included occupational status, and complications were significantly associated with a preference for disease‐related knowledge ( p = 0.021 and p = 0.029, respectively). Marital status and complications influenced the preference for nutrition and lifestyle counseling ( p = 0.043 and p = 0.011, respectively). Medication regimen and achieving target fasting blood glucose levels predicted a preference for medication information counseling ( p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively). Conclusion: This study serves as a reference for developing tailored health counseling programs to the specific needs of T2D patients. Personalized counseling approaches, particularly focusing on nutrition, lifestyle, and medication management, are critical for optimizing patient care and improving self‐management. This study demonstrates that personalized counseling approaches, particularly in nutrition, lifestyle, and medication management, are critical for optimizing patient care and improving self‐management. Additionally, it provides valuable insights for healthcare providers, policymakers, researchers, and stakeholders in implementing individualized care for T2D by considering specific factors that influence intervention choices.

Background: Clinical pharmacists have an important role in inter-professional healthcare collaboration for epilepsy management. However, the pharmacy practices of managing epilepsy are still limited in Vietnam, deterring pharmacists from routine adjustments of antiepileptic drugs, which could decrease the patients’ quality of life. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of pharmacist interventions in epilepsy treatment at a Vietnamese general hospital. Methods: A before-and-after study was conducted from January 2016 to December 2018. All patients with a diagnosis of epilepsy and being treated at the investigated hospital were recruited and screened for eligibility and exclusion criteria. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients in good control of their epilepsy (with two seizures or less in a year). The secondary outcome was the number of patients maintaining optimized concentrations within the therapeutic range of carbamazepine (4–12 mg/L), phenytoin (10–20 mg/L), or valproic acid (50–100 mg/L). Collected data were analyzed using two proportions Z-test or Chi-square test. Results: A total of 141 participants were enrolled in the study. While most patients were given lower prescribed daily doses than the recommendations from the World Health Organization, over 56% of the participants still experienced adverse drug effects. More than half of the patients received at least one pharmacists’ intervention, which increased by 25.0% the effectiveness of the therapy (p < 0.001) and by 14.6% the number of patients with optimized drug concentrations (p = 0.018). Conclusion: Epilepsy management requires a multiple-stepped and comprehensive approach, with a focus on the health and safety of the patients. As part of the healthcare team, pharmacists need to engage at every stage to monitor the patient’s response and determine the most effective treatment with the fewest adverse drug reactions. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04967326. Registered July 19, 2021—Retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04967326

Background: The relationship between HLA-B*15:02 and Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions was rigorously examined in Japanese, Han Chinese, Thais, and Caucasians. However, the number of studies about this topic in Vietnamese population is still limited and mostly focuses on the North of Vietnam.Objective: This study aims to clarify the genetic culprit of SCARs in Vietnamese population, particularly in the South of Vietnam, and to validate our result by a meta-analysis about this topic in Vietnamese.Method: A retrospective case-control study with 37 patients treated with carbamazepine monotherapy. Statistical calculation and meta-analysis were performed by R software.Result:HLA-B*15:02 increases the risk of SJS 12.5 times higher in CBZ-treated patients (p-value = 0.017). However, this allele has no impact on MCARs (Mild Cutaneous Adverse Reactions) of CBZ. The number needed to test and the number needed to genotype is two and nine patients respectively.Conclusion: This study recommends more investigations about the cost-effectiveness of this test to accelerate the protection of Southern Vietnamese from SCARs.