In the present study, a novel lytic Vibrio parahaemolyticus phage, vB_VpaP_DE10, was isolated from sewage samples collected in Guangzhou city, China. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that phage vB_VpaP_DE10 has an icosahedral head (52.4 ± 2.5 nm) and a short non-contracted tail (21.9 ± 1.0 nm). Phage vB_VpaP_DE10 lysed approximately 31% (8/26) of the antibiotic-resistant V. parahaemolyticus strains tested. A one-step growth curve showed that phage vB_VpaP_DE10 has a relatively long latency time of 25 min and a burst size of ~19 PFU per cell. The genome of phage vB_VpaP_DE10 is a 42,871-bp-long dsDNA molecule with a G + C content of 49.19% and is predicted to contain 46 open reading frames, 26 of which are predicted to be related to functions such as phage structure, packaging, host lysis, and DNA metabolism. Sequence comparisons suggested that vB_VpaP_DE10 is a member of the genus Maculvirus within the family Autographiviridae. Morphological and genomic analysis indicated that vB_VpaP_DE10 is a novel V. parahaemolyticus phage.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of the oat hay feeding method and compound probiotics (CMP) on the growth, health, serum antioxidant and immune indicators, rumen fermentation, and bacteria community of dairy calves from 3 to 5 months of age. Forty-eight female Holstein calves (80 ± 7 days of age, 93.71 ± 5.33 kg BW) were selected and randomly divided into four groups. A 2 × 2 factorial design was adopted for the experiment, with the factors of the oat hay feeding method (fed as free-choice or 16.7% in the diet) and compound probiotics (CMP) inclusion (0.15% or 0%) in the pelleted starter. The results showed that, compared with giving oat hay as free-choice, feeding a diet of 16.7% oat hay increased the pelleted starter intake at 1–84 d (p < 0.05), with an average daily gain (ADG) at 61–84 d (p = 0.02); adding CMP to the pelleted starter did not significantly affect body weight, and reduced the fecal index (p < 0.05). Feeding 16.7% oat hay increased the concentration of IgA, IgG, and IgM (p < 0.01), while adding CMP increased the catalase (p < 0.01) and decreased the concentration of malondialdehyde (p < 0.01) in serum. Feeding 16.7% oat hay increased the ruminal concentration of propionic acid (p < 0.05) and isobutyric acid (p = 0.08), and decreased the ruminal pH (p = 0.08), the concentration of acetic acid (p < 0.05), and the ratio of acetic acid to propionic acid (p < 0.01). Feeding 16.7% oat hay reduced the relative abundance of ruminal Firmicutes, Unidentified-Bacteria, Actinobacteria, Prevotella, NK4A214-group, Olsenella, and Actinobacteriota (p < 0.05); adding CMP increased the relative abundance of ruminal Prevotella, Rikenellaceae-RC9-gut-group, Ruminococcus, NK4A214-group, and Ruminococcus (p < 0.05), and decreased the abundance of Desulfobacterora, Prevotella-7, and Erysipelotricaceae-UCG-002 (p < 0.05). In conclusion, feeding a diet of 16.7% oat hay increased the pelleted starter intake and average daily gain, while slightly reducing the ruminal pH values; adding CMP to the pelleted starter resulted in reduced diarrhea incidence, increased serum antioxidant capacity and immunity, as well as ruminal richness and diversity of microorganisms in dairy calves from 3 to 5 months of age.

Value-added utilization of pineapple waste is very import for the food industry and environmental protection. In this study, whey protein (2.6%, w/w) was added to pineapple waste in order to make up for the protein deficiency of the raw material and give the final products better flavor characteristics. Autochthonous Lactococcus lactis LA5 and Hanseniaspora opuntiae SA2 were used for the co-inoculation of pineapple by-products; during fermentation, the metabolite profiling and microbial community dynamics were investigated. Results showed that the contents of organic acids, total FAAs, total phenolic compounds and flavonoids significantly increased with fermentation, and 152 kinds of peptides were identified in the final products. Relevant analyses demonstrated that dominant strains including Lactococcus lactis, Hanseniaspora and Saccharomyces not only significantly promoted the accumulation of organic acids, total phenols and other active substances, but also inhibited the growth of pathogenic bacteria and further influenced the fermentation process of pineapple waste.

Black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), larvae are suspected to inhibit house flies, Musca domestica (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), seeking oviposition sites. However, the mechanisms regulating these interactions are not well known. In this study, a Y-tube olfactometer was used to determine whether black soldier fly eggs, larvae, puparia (without pupae inside), adult carcasses, or resulting frass of black soldier fly decrease attractiveness of adult house flies to an oviposition substrate (i.e., sugar and wheat bran diet, used as the control). Secondly, two symbiotic bacteria associated were isolated, identified, and tested for house fly attractiveness with a Y-tube olfactometer. Thirdly, volatile organic compounds produced by swine feed before and after black soldier fly, or house fly larval digestion were analyzed with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Results indicate feed mixed with black soldier fly larval frass, and symbiotic bacteria, Paenalcaligenes sp. associated with black soldier fly, were less attractive to house flies than the control. However, another symbiotic bacterium Lysinibacillus sp. associated with black soldier fly pupae was attractive. In total, 52 volatile organic compounds were identified from treatments previously described. Quantitative differences in volatile profiles across treatments potentially explain the mechanism regulating house fly substrate choices in the presence, or absence, of black soldier fly larvae.

This study investigated the effects of acrylamide on the growth, neurobehavioral responses, gut integrity, microbial composition, and toxicokinetics of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL). Larvae were exposed to acrylamide-contaminated diets at 0.05, 0.5, and 5 mg/kg (dry weight) to assess dose-dependent impacts. Results revealed that acrylamide exposure delayed larval growth peaks and reduced maximum weights by 6.17–76.01% (12–18 days). Additionally, crawling speed decreased significantly at ≥0.5 mg/kg, indicating neurotoxicity. Trypan blue staining demonstrated dose-dependent midgut damage (2.22% in control vs. 25.56% at 5 mg/kg), correlating with compromised nutrient absorption. Gut microbiota analysis showed enrichment of pathogenic genera (e.g., Escherichia-Shigella) and suppression of beneficial taxa (e.g., Klebsiella), alongside reduced metabolic and immune-related pathways via Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. Toxicokinetic modeling revealed bioaccumulation, with bioaccumulation factors (BAF) inversely related to substrate concentration (18.67 at 0.05 mg/kg vs. 2.90 at 5 mg/kg). Elimination half-lives (DT₅₀) varied from 3.25 to 8.22 days, suggesting concentration-dependent detoxification efficiency. These findings highlight acrylamide’s multifaceted toxicity in BSFL, emphasizing risks in waste valorization and insect-based feed production. This study underscores the need for substrate safety protocols to ensure sustainable applications of BSFL in the circular bioeconomy.