Algae are regarded among the most favorable feedstocks for producing sustainable biodiesel and utilizing it in diesel engines. Additionally, ethanol addition further enhanced the performance and reduce greenhouse emission. Algae biodiesel was produced, and an experimental study was performed to understand the diesel engine performance and emissions characteristics using different fuel blends by varying the ratio of diesel, biodiesel, and ethanol, such as D100, B10, B20, B5E5, and B10E10 (where number shows the percentage of the respective fuel). It was found that brake thermal efficiency was reduced by 0.49% and 1.29% for B10 and B20 blends, while the addition of ethanol enhanced the BTE by 0.37% and 1.60% respectively. However, SFC increases by 1.45%, 2.14%, 3.18%, and 3.78% respectively for B10, B20, B5E5, and B10E10 with respect to diesel fuel. Combustion characteristics were increased with increasing concentration of biodiesel and ethanol addition. Particulate matter, smoke emissions, and CO₂ were slightly reduced by 3%, 4%, and 0.18%, respectively, while NOx emissions were increased by 26% for B10 blended fuel as compared to diesel fuel. Further addition of 5% (volume) ethanol in B5 fuel reduced particulate matter, smoke emissions, and CO₂ emissions by 26.4%, 22%, and 23% respectively. Among the tested blends (B10, B20, B5E5, and B10E10), ethanol blended fuel was found to be more promising due to its higher combustion and performance and to have lower emissions to diesel fuel.

The wheel was the first form of transportation developed by early people. Increasing population, longer distances, and shorter travel times need more cheap, faster modes of transportation. Environmental issues were never taken into account when choosing the most cost-effective mode of public transportation. Consequently, in the face of global pollution and warming restrictions, all stakeholders choose modes of transportation with little environmental impact. This has led to the development of sustainable transportation infrastructure, particularly in a country as rapidly developing as India. This paper examines the present situation, legislation, and grading systems for sustainable transportation in India and other developing nations. Furthermore, comparisons of India with developing nations of various continents in different aspects are also present. The difference in cost between a private car and a public vehicle indicates which form of transportation should be chosen. The challenges linked with urban and rural Indian roadways are explored, as well as their respective solutions. In order to accomplish sustainable transportation, traffic density and driver conduct are also considered. This study emphasises that sustainability is not just achieved through the use of cleaner fuel or the modification of road materials, although these are vital. Road design, regulatory changes, psychological behaviour, and transit safety are also crucial.

Biodiesel is being considered a possible alternative fuel due to its similarity with diesel and environmental benefits. This current work involves a numerical investigation of CI engine characteristics operating on D100 (diesel) and Dunaliella tertiolecta (DMB20), Scenedesmus obliquus (SOMB20), Scenedesmus dimorphu (SDMB20), and Chlorella protothecoides (CMB20) microalgae biodiesel blend. A diesel engine of 3.7 kW was used with variable compression ratios (CRs) (15.5, 16.5, 17.5, and 18.5) and constant speed (1500 rpm). Comparative analysis was performed for engine characteristics, including emission, combustion, and performance. Cylinder pressure, heat release rate, brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, particulate matter, oxide of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, etc., were evaluated using the blended fuel. The results show that the maximum cylinder pressure falls, SFC increases, and EGT and BTE were reduced for all blends at full load. In terms of emission characteristics, PM and smoke were lowered when compared to diesel, but a slight increment in NOx and CO₂ was observed. Among all the blends, SOMB20 shows the most decrement in PM and smoke emissions by 14.16% and 11.6%, respectively, at CR 16.5. CMB20 shows a maximum increment in SFC by 3.22% at CR 17.5. A minimum reduction in CP and HRR was shown by DMB20 irrespective of CRs.

An analysis has been done on the strength and wear of the nanocomposites. The synthesis of nano clay or poly-methyl methacrylate (PMMA) nanocomposites by using a twin-screw extruder is discussed here. During the synthesis of nanocomposites, a compatibilizer was added to improve the bonding between the clay and matrix between the five different types of composites. The samples obtained are then used for tensile testing after being molded into dog-bone-shaped samples. The tensile test is done by using a UTM (Universal Testing Machine) and tensile strength and tensile modulus were recorded. Then flexural strength and modulus were recorded by conducting a flexural test. The rectangular part of the dog-bone samples is sliced for this test. Similarly, testing of wear was done using a pin-on-disc apparatus. After the flexural test and wear test analysis, scanning electron microscope imaging of the failed and worn-out surfaces is recorded. It was concluded that the pure PMMA sample has lesser strength than the 2.5 wt% sample. But the pre PMMA sample exhibits higher tensile strength and flexural modulus. And on boosting the filler content in the composite material, the strength reduces but the wear resistance of the composite improves.