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The cladded conductor is broadly utilized in engineering fields, such as aerospace, energy, and petrochemical; however, it is vulnerable to thickness loss occurring in the clad layer and nonconductive protection coating due to abrasive and corrosive environments. Such a flaw severely undermines the integrity and safety of the mechanical structures. Therefore, evaluating the thickness loss hidden inside cladded conductors via reliable nondestructive evaluation techniques is imperative. This paper intensively investigates the pulse-modulation eddy current technique (PMEC) for the assessment of thickness loss in a cladded conductor. An analytical model of the ferrite-cored probe is established for analyzing PMEC signals and characteristics of lift-off intersection (LOI) in testing signals. Experiments are conducted for evaluation of the thickness loss in cladded conductors. An inverse scheme based on LOI for estimation of the thickness-loss depth is proposed and further verified. Through simulations and experiments, it is found that the influences of the thickness loss in the clad layer and protective coating on the PMEC signals can be decoupled in virtue of the LOI characteristics. Based on LOI, the hidden thickness loss can be efficiently evaluated without much of a reduction in accuracy by using the PMEC probe for dedicated inspection of the cladded conductor.
Yong Li; Yi Wang; Zhengshuai Liu; Ilham Mukriz Zainal Abidin; Zhenmao Chen. Characteristics Regarding Lift-Off Intersection of Pulse-Modulation Eddy Current Signals for Evaluation of Hidden Thickness Loss in Cladded Conductors. Sensors 2019, 19, 4102 .
AMA StyleYong Li, Yi Wang, Zhengshuai Liu, Ilham Mukriz Zainal Abidin, Zhenmao Chen. Characteristics Regarding Lift-Off Intersection of Pulse-Modulation Eddy Current Signals for Evaluation of Hidden Thickness Loss in Cladded Conductors. Sensors. 2019; 19 (19):4102.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYong Li; Yi Wang; Zhengshuai Liu; Ilham Mukriz Zainal Abidin; Zhenmao Chen. 2019. "Characteristics Regarding Lift-Off Intersection of Pulse-Modulation Eddy Current Signals for Evaluation of Hidden Thickness Loss in Cladded Conductors." Sensors 19, no. 19: 4102.
For fuel transmission and structural strengthening, small-diameter pipes of nonmagnetic materials are extensively adopted in engineering fields including aerospace, energy, transportation, etc. However, the hostile and corrosive environment leaves them vulnerable to external corrosion which poses a severe threat to structural integrity of pipes. Therefore, it is imperative to nondestructively detect and evaluate the external corrosion in nonmagnetic pipes. In light of this, a capsule-type Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) for in-situ nondestructive evaluation of nonmagnetic pipes and fast screening of external corrosion is proposed in this paper. A 3D hybrid model for efficient prediction of responses from the proposed transducer to external corrosion is established. Closed-form expressions of field quantities of electromagnetics and EMAT signals are formulated. Simulations based on the hybrid model indicate feasibility of the proposed transducer in detection and evaluation of external corrosion in nonmagnetic pipes. In parallel, experiments with the fabricated transducer have been carried out. Experimental results are supportive of the conclusion drawn from simulations. The investigation via simulations and experiments implies that the proposed capsule-type EMAT is capable of fast screening of external corrosion, which is beneficial to the in-situ nondestructive evaluation of small-diameter nonmagnetic pipes.
Yong Li; Rui Cai; Bei Yan; Ilham Mukriz Zainal Abidin; Haoqing Jing; Yi Wang. A Capsule-Type Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer for Fast Screening of External Corrosion in Nonmagnetic Pipes. Sensors 2018, 18, 1733 .
AMA StyleYong Li, Rui Cai, Bei Yan, Ilham Mukriz Zainal Abidin, Haoqing Jing, Yi Wang. A Capsule-Type Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer for Fast Screening of External Corrosion in Nonmagnetic Pipes. Sensors. 2018; 18 (6):1733.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYong Li; Rui Cai; Bei Yan; Ilham Mukriz Zainal Abidin; Haoqing Jing; Yi Wang. 2018. "A Capsule-Type Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer for Fast Screening of External Corrosion in Nonmagnetic Pipes." Sensors 18, no. 6: 1733.
A corrosive environment leaves in-service conductive structures prone to subsurface corrosion which poses a severe threat to the structural integrity. It is indispensable to detect and quantitatively evaluate subsurface corrosion via non-destructive evaluation techniques. Although the gradient-field pulsed eddy current technique (GPEC) has been found to be superior in the evaluation of corrosion in conductors, it suffers from a technical drawback resulting from the non-uniform field excited by the conventional pancake coil. In light of this, a new GPEC probe with uniform field excitation for the imaging of subsurface corrosion is proposed in this paper. The excited uniform field makes the GPEC signal correspond only to the field perturbation due to the presence of subsurface corrosion, which benefits the corrosion profiling and sizing. A 3D analytical model of GPEC is established to analyze the characteristics of the uniform field induced within a conductor. Following this, experiments regarding the imaging of subsurface corrosion via GPEC have been carried out. It has been found from the results that the proposed GPEC probe with uniform field excitation not only applies to the imaging of subsurface corrosion in conductive structures, but provides high-sensitivity imaging results regarding the corrosion profile and opening size.
Yong Li; Shuting Ren; Bei Yan; Ilham Mukriz Zainal Abidin; Yi Wang. Imaging of Subsurface Corrosion Using Gradient-Field Pulsed Eddy Current Probes with Uniform Field Excitation. Sensors 2017, 17, 1747 .
AMA StyleYong Li, Shuting Ren, Bei Yan, Ilham Mukriz Zainal Abidin, Yi Wang. Imaging of Subsurface Corrosion Using Gradient-Field Pulsed Eddy Current Probes with Uniform Field Excitation. Sensors. 2017; 17 (8):1747.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYong Li; Shuting Ren; Bei Yan; Ilham Mukriz Zainal Abidin; Yi Wang. 2017. "Imaging of Subsurface Corrosion Using Gradient-Field Pulsed Eddy Current Probes with Uniform Field Excitation." Sensors 17, no. 8: 1747.
Coated conductive structures are widely adopted in such engineering fields as aerospace, nuclear energy, etc. The hostile and corrosive environment leaves in-service coated conductive structures vulnerable to Hidden Material Degradation (HMD) occurring under the protection coating. It is highly demanded that HMD can be non-intrusively assessed using non-destructive evaluation techniques. In light of the advantages of Gradient-field Pulsed Eddy Current technique (GPEC) over other non-destructive evaluation methods in corrosion evaluation, in this paper the GPEC probe for quantitative evaluation of HMD is intensively investigated. Closed-form expressions of GPEC responses to HMD are formulated via analytical modeling. The Lift-off Invariance (LOI) in GPEC signals, which makes the HMD evaluation immune to the variation in thickness of the protection coating, is introduced and analyzed through simulations involving HMD with variable depths and conductivities. A fast inverse method employing magnitude and time of the LOI point in GPEC signals for simultaneously evaluating the conductivity and thickness of HMD region is proposed, and subsequently verified by finite element modeling and experiments. It has been found from the results that along with the proposed inverse method the GPEC probe is applicable to evaluation of HMD in coated conductive structures without much loss in accuracy.
Yong Li; Haoqing Jing; Ilham Mukriz Zainal Abidin; Bei Yan. A Gradient-Field Pulsed Eddy Current Probe for Evaluation of Hidden Material Degradation in Conductive Structures Based on Lift-Off Invariance. Sensors 2017, 17, 943 .
AMA StyleYong Li, Haoqing Jing, Ilham Mukriz Zainal Abidin, Bei Yan. A Gradient-Field Pulsed Eddy Current Probe for Evaluation of Hidden Material Degradation in Conductive Structures Based on Lift-Off Invariance. Sensors. 2017; 17 (5):943.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYong Li; Haoqing Jing; Ilham Mukriz Zainal Abidin; Bei Yan. 2017. "A Gradient-Field Pulsed Eddy Current Probe for Evaluation of Hidden Material Degradation in Conductive Structures Based on Lift-Off Invariance." Sensors 17, no. 5: 943.
Eddy current thermography (ECT) employs the combination of conventional and advanced nondestructive testing (NDT) technique. This technology is capable to detect defect in subsurface of carbon steel welded sample of dimension 200 × 150 × 20 mm. The optimum joule heating process via eddy current distribution is 300A with the heat diffusion around 50–500 kHz (which is relatively high-frequency electromagnetic wave). Along with the emerging development of eddy current thermography, the infrared camera permits its radiation range to visualize the real-time image of the defect via the application of the thermoimager TIM software. The quantitative information about the defect will be acquired by the camera which is sensitive to the transient signal of heat through material under inspection. The analysis due to the geometrical shape, position, and length of lack of fusion (LOF) defect can be made through maximum amplitude temperature analysis. The investigation performs the temperature linescan graph of temperature amplitude via Matlab. The result obtained from ECT is compared to the error bar analysis in line with radiography technique. The studies demonstrate the effectiveness and reliability of the technique for the quantification analysis of lack of fusion (LOF) defect of welded sample.
Nurliyana Shamimie Rusli; Syamsyir Akmal Senawi; Sidek Abdul Aziz; Ilham Mukriz Zainal Abidin; Azhan Hashim; Azman Kassim; Henry Johann Ridzwan; Liyana Zolkarnain; Nurhana Ilmira Harun; Siti Sumaiyah Sheikh Abdul Aziz. Eddy Current Thermography Testing on Lack of Fusion (LOF) Defect of Carbon Steel Welded Sample. Regional Conference on Science, Technology and Social Sciences (RCSTSS 2014) 2016, 643 -649.
AMA StyleNurliyana Shamimie Rusli, Syamsyir Akmal Senawi, Sidek Abdul Aziz, Ilham Mukriz Zainal Abidin, Azhan Hashim, Azman Kassim, Henry Johann Ridzwan, Liyana Zolkarnain, Nurhana Ilmira Harun, Siti Sumaiyah Sheikh Abdul Aziz. Eddy Current Thermography Testing on Lack of Fusion (LOF) Defect of Carbon Steel Welded Sample. Regional Conference on Science, Technology and Social Sciences (RCSTSS 2014). 2016; ():643-649.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNurliyana Shamimie Rusli; Syamsyir Akmal Senawi; Sidek Abdul Aziz; Ilham Mukriz Zainal Abidin; Azhan Hashim; Azman Kassim; Henry Johann Ridzwan; Liyana Zolkarnain; Nurhana Ilmira Harun; Siti Sumaiyah Sheikh Abdul Aziz. 2016. "Eddy Current Thermography Testing on Lack of Fusion (LOF) Defect of Carbon Steel Welded Sample." Regional Conference on Science, Technology and Social Sciences (RCSTSS 2014) , no. : 643-649.