Gas pipelines are buried and installed across rivers to supply the gas necessary for daily life. When crossing rivers, gas pipelines are typically installed on bridges; however, when installation on bridges is not feasible, the pipelines are buried in riverbeds. This study utilized both a one-dimensional model (HEC-RAS) and two-dimensional models (SMS) to simulate river flow and estimate the potential for scour and deposition around buried pipelines. The hydrodynamic simulations considered critical factors, including sediment transport, river discharge, and geological characteristics, to derive the maximum scour depth and assess the risk of pipeline exposure. The findings from the long-term and short-term simulations confirmed that riverbed changes due to natural hydrological events do not exceed the minimum burial depth standards, thereby ensuring pipeline safety. In addition, the study proposed specific reinforcement measures tailored to local site conditions, addressing concerns of continuous subsidence and ensuring long-term structural stability. This research offers important insights into pipeline risk management and contributes to the development of more effective regulatory standards for gas pipelines buried in riverbeds, enhancing both their safety and environmental sustainability

Climate change has exacerbated flood risks for urban infrastructure, rendering sewage treatment facilities (STFs) particularly vulnerable due to their typical low-lying topographic placement. However, conventional flood risk assessment methodologies often rely solely on physical hazard parameters such as inundation depth, neglecting the functional interdependencies and operational criticality of individual treatment units. To address this limitation, this study proposes the Integrated Hydro-Operational Risk Assessment (IHORA) framework. The IHORA framework synthesizes 2D hydrodynamic modeling with a modified Hazard and Operability Study(HAZOP) study to systematically identify unit-specific physical failure thresholds and employs the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to quantify the relative operational importance of each process based on expert elicitation. The framework was applied to an underground STF under both fluvial flooding and internal structural breach scenarios. The results revealed a significant risk misalignment in traditional assessments; vital assets like electrical facilities were identified as high-risk hotspots despite moderate physical exposure, due to their high operational weight. Furthermore, Cause–Consequence Analysis (CCA) was utilized to trace cascading failure modes, bridging the gap between static risk metrics and dynamic emergency response protocols. This study demonstrates that the IHORA framework provides a robust scientific basis for prioritizing mitigation resources and enhancing the operational resilience of environmental facilities.