Background: The postpartum period is a critical time to improve maternal and child health. It is a time for accessing contraceptives to prevent short inter-pregnancy intervals. More than 95% of postpartum women do not want to get pregnant within 12 months. However, many women in Ethiopia experience an unintended pregnancy, and there is low information about postpartum contraceptive use among women who have family planning demand. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the prevalence of postpartum contraceptive use and its predictors among women who give birth 12 months before the survey in Ethiopia. Methods: We used the 2016 Ethiopia demographic health survey data for this analysis. The survey was a community-based cross-sectional study conducted from January 18 to June 27, 2016. The survey employed a two-stage stratified cluster sampling technique. A total of 2304 postpartum women were included. Bivariate and multivariable logistics regressions were done to identify factors associated with postpartum contraceptive use. A p-value < 0.05 was used to declare statistical significance. Results: About 23.7% (23.7, 95% CI: 20.7–27.0%) of postpartum women were using modern contraceptives. Women who were urban residents (AOR = 2.18; 95%CI: 1.34–3.55), those who attended secondary or higher education (AOR = 1.79; 95%CI: 1.04–3.10), women who attended 1–3 (AOR = 2.33; 95%CI:1.27–4.25) or 4 or more ANC visits (AOR = 2.59; 95%CI:1.43–4.69) and women who delivered at a health facility (AOR = 1.86; 95%CI: 1.23–2.81) had higher odds of modern contraceptive use during the postpartum period. Similarly, women who reported the last child was no more wanted (AOR = 1.83; 95%CI: 1.01–3.31), women who decided for contraceptive use (AOR = 2.03; 95%CI: 1.13–3.65) and women whose recent child was male (AOR = 1.38; 95%CI: 1.01–1.88) had higher odds of modern contraceptive use. Conclusion: Postpartum contraceptive use was low in Ethiopia. Strengthening health facility delivery, promoting girls’ education and encouraging women’s participation in deciding for contraceptive use would improve the uptake of modern contraceptives use during the postpartum period.

Background: The quality of healthcare service is strongly affected by the health professionals’ levels of burnout and resilience at work (RaW). Developing resilience is a key component of medical professionalism. Although burnout and resilience are indicators used to assess the level of workplace hardship, there is a dearth of information in most developing countries, including Ethiopia.Objective: To assess the levels of burnout and ‘resilience at work’ among health professionals who work in the surgical care departments in teaching Ethiopian hospitals.Methods: A cross-sectional study design was applied among health professionals employed in surgical, gynecologic, and obstetric (Gyn/Obs) departments of two acute-care hospitals (n = 388). A structured self-administered English version questionnaire, consisting of validated scales to measure RaW and burnout, was used to collect the data;22 items of Maslach’s burnout inventory human service survey tool and 20 items of Win wood’s resilience at work’ measuring tool” was employed to assess the health professionals’ burnout level and Resilience at work, respectively. Linear logistics regression was employed for inferential statistical analysis to identify factors that predict RaW and burnout.Results: Burnout syndrome was shown among 101 (26.0%) study participants. Furthermore, 205 (52.8%), 150 (38.7%), and 125 (32.2%) participants presented high emotional exhaustion, high depersonalization, and low personal accomplishment, respectively. Emotional exhaustion was predicted by the participants’ profession, the hope of promotion, professional recognition, and workload. Depersonalization was predicted by age, profession, and perceived workload of the participants. The predictors for personal accomplishment were profession, relationship at work, professional recognition, and having a managerial position in addition to clinical duty. The participants’ mean RaW score was 78.36 (Standard deviation ±17.78). A negative association was found between RaW and emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. In contrast, a positive association was identified between RaW and personal accomplishment. The type of profession and marital status were positive predictors of RaW.Conclusion: A substantial amount of health professionals experience high burnout in one or more burnout dimensions. Level of RaW is more affected by burnout syndrome. Therefore, promoting activities that increase the level of professional RaW and recognition in their professional practice is needed to reduce job burnout. These findings are especially important concerning low socio-economic countries, as resilience is a vital component of the development of healthcare systems.

Introduction: After a scabies outbreak in Amhara Region, Ethiopia in 2015/2016, the Regional Health Bureau performed an extensive Mass Drug Administration (MDA). In May 2017, we collected data to assess the impact of the treatment on the scabies control. Methodology. We retrieved baseline data from the 2015/16 burden assessment: campaign organization and administration information. We did a community based cross-sectional study using a structured questionnaire on disease and treatment history plus the presence or absence of active scabies in three Zones. We selected households using stratified random sampling deployed 7581 questionnaires and performed key informant interviews. Results: 46.3% had a previous scabies diagnosis in the last 2 years of which 86.1% received treatment, and the cure rate was 90.6%. Fifteen months after intervention the scabies prevalence was 21.0 % (67.3% new cases and 32.7% recurrences). The highest burden of new cases (93.1%) was found in the North Gondar zone. The likelihood of treatment failure was higher for treatments offered in clinics (12.2%) as opposed to via the campaign (7.9%). Failure to follow the guidelines, shortage of medicine and lack of leadership prioritization were identified as reasons for resurgence of the disease. Conclusions: We demonstrated that community engagement is essential in the success of scabies MDA, alongside strong political commitment, and guideline adherence. Effectiveness and sustainability of the MDA was compromised by the failing of proper contact treatment, surveillance and case management.

The first 1000 days is “window of opportunity” for nutrition and vital for physical growth, brain development and the immune system. None of previous studies explored qualitatively child-feeding practices in the developing countries like Ethiopia. The aim of the study was to explore barriers and facilitators of child-feeding practices in Gozamin District, Northwest Ethiopia. A qualitative study was conducted by using 12 in-depth interviews and 4 Focus Group Discussions (n = 32) from Feb. 15/2016 – March 10/ 2016 in eight Kebeles. Purposive sampling technique was used to recruit the participants. The quality of the research findings was checked by using credibility, dependability, transferability and conformability. Data were analyzed using qualitative data analysis software package Atlas ti-7. Early initiation of breast-feeding and complementary feeding, exclusive breast-feeding, minimum meal frequency and minimum dietary diversity were the emerged theme in the study. Breastfeeding up to 2 years and above and timely initiation of a complementary feeding were commonly good practice in the area. Dietary diversity, discarding colostrums, pre-lacteal feeding like butter and bottle-feeding were the commonly harmful practices in the area. The most frequently mentioned barriers of child feeding were socio-cultural influences, traditional community practices, workload and poverty. Most of the children were suffered from harmful child feeding practices such as pre-lacteal feeding, discarding colostrums and bottle-feeding. Child dietary diversity and complementary food preparation were the major problem in the study area. Therefore, supports on complementary food preparation and diversity food should be given more attention to enhance child-feeding practice in rural Ethiopia.

Background: HIV and malaria are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the developing world including Ethiopia. Globally, HIV-malaria co-infection causes approximately 3 million deaths per year. However, both these infections are preventable if measures are taken on determinant factors. The objective of the study was therefore to assess factors associated with HIV-malaria co-infection among HIV-positive people who lived in Shewarobit district, northeast Ethiopia. Methods: Unmatched case-control study was conducted among people living with HIV (PLWHA) in Shewarobit district from February 28, 2018, to April 30, 2018. The sample size was determined taking the assumption of 95% CI, 85% power, 3:1 control to case ratio, the proportion of PLWHA-malaria coinfection of 22.7%, OR 2.73, and 10% non-response rate. The final sample size was 262 (66 cases and 196 controls). Cases were adults on anti-retroviral therapy and diagnosed positive for malaria by microscopy while controls were adults on anti-retroviral therapy and diagnosed negative for malaria by microscopy in the previous 6 months before the survey. Result: The median age of cases and controls in years was 35 (IQR = 19) and 38 (IQR = 19) respectively. Variables that had a significant association with HIV-malaria co-infection were non-in-door residual spraying (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 4.91; 95% CI 4.03, 15.13), poor perception on the health risk of HIV-malaria co-infections (AOR = 4.11; 95% CI 1.28, 10.17), non-use of insecticidal treated bed nets (AOR = 6.21; 95%CI 2.74, 14.11), non-use of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis (AOR = 2.42; 95% CI 1.11, 5.28), and not received health education on the risk of HIV-malaria interaction (AOR = 4.11; 95% CI 1.24, 4.84). Conclusion: Provision of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis, sleeping under an insecticidal treated bed net, and indoor residual spraying help to reduce HIV-malaria co-infection-associated morbidity/mortality.

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is a leading cause of death among patients with AIDS worldwide, but its burden is difficult to estimate in low- and middle-income countries, including Ethiopia. This systematic review aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of PCP in Ethiopia, the second most densely populated African country. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines were used to review published and unpublished studies conducted in Ethiopia. Studies that reported on the prevalence of PCP among HIV-infected patients were searched systematically. Variations between the studies were assessed by using forest plot and I-squared heterogeneity tests. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were carried out when I2 > 50. The pooled estimate prevalence with 95% CI was computed using a random-effects model of analysis. Thirteen articles, comprising studies of 4847 individuals living with HIV, were included for analysis. The pooled prevalence of PCP was 5.65% (95% CI [3.74–7.56]) with high heterogeneity (I2 = 93.6%, p < 0.01). To identify the source of heterogeneity, subgroup analyses were conducted by study design, geographical region, diagnosis methods, and year of publication. PCP prevalence differed significantly when biological diagnostic methods were used (32.25%), in studies published before 2010 (32.51%), in cross-sectional studies (8.08%), and in Addis Ababa (14.05%). PCP prevalence differences of 3.25%, 3.07%, 3.23%, and 2.29% were recorded in studies based on clinical records, published since 2017, follow-up studies, and north-west Ethiopian studies, respectively. The prevalence of PCP is probably underestimated, as the reports were mainly based on clinical records. An expansion of biological diagnostic methods could make it possible to estimate the exact burden of PCP in Ethiopia.