Although titanium and titanium alloys have become the preferred materials for various medical implants, surface modification technology still needs to be strengthened in order to adapt to the complex physiological environment of the human body. Compared with physical or chemical modification methods, biochemical modification, such as the introduction of functional hydrogel coating on implants, can fix biomolecules such as proteins, peptides, growth factors, polysaccharides, or nucleotides on the surface of the implants, so that they can directly participate in biological processes; regulate cell adhesion, proliferation, migration, and differentiation; and improve the biological activity on the surface of the implants. This review begins with a look at common substrate materials for hydrogel coatings on implant surfaces, including natural polymers such as collagen, gelatin, chitosan, and alginate, and synthetic materials such as polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylamide, polyethylene glycol, and polyacrylic acid. Then, the common construction methods of hydrogel coating (electrochemical method, sol–gel method and layer-by-layer self-assembly method) are introduced. Finally, five aspects of the enhancement effect of hydrogel coating on the surface bioactivity of titanium and titanium alloy implants are described: osseointegration, angiogenesis, macrophage polarization, antibacterial effects, and drug delivery. In this paper, we also summarize the latest research progress and point out the future research direction. After searching, no previous relevant literature reporting this information was found.

The process of diabetic wound healing was influenced by the excessive proliferation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, in the process of healing diabetic wounds, it was crucial to removing ROS. This study designed composited nanoparticles: KBP, consisted by Konjac glucomannan, bovine serum albumin, and Prussian blue. Then they were embedded in Konjac glucomannan and hydroxypropyl trimethylammonium chloride chitosan composite hydrogel (KH), The KBP@KH hydrogel finally achieved excellent efficacy in diabetic wound healing. The in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that KPB nanoparticles exhibited favorable ROS scavenging capability and biosafety. The KBP@KH hydrogel not only effectively eliminated ROS from diabetic wounds, but also exhibited excellent wound adaptability. The KBP@KH hydrogel facilitated angiogenesis and suppressed the production of inflammatory factors. Overall, the KBP@KH hydrogel dressing was characterized by its user-friendly nature, safety, and high efficiency.

The S-Scheme heterojunction design offers a promising pathway to enhance the photocatalytic activity of semiconductors for antibiotic degradation in aquatic environments. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) stands out due to its robust visible light absorption, exceptional charge separation efficiency, and abundant active sites, rendering it an ideal candidate for sustainable and energy-efficient photocatalysis. This review delves into the potential of g-C₃N₄-based S-Scheme heterojunctions in antibiotic degradation, with a particular emphasis on the photocatalytic principles, inherent advantages, and application prospects. We discuss various semiconductor materials, including metal oxides, multicomponent metal oxides, magnetic oxides, multicomponent magnetic oxides, metal sulfides, and multicomponent metal sulfides, which can be paired with g-C₃N₄ to fabricate S-Scheme heterojunctions. Furthermore, we explore common preparation techniques for synthesizing g-C₃N₄-based S-Scheme heterojunction composites, such as the hydrothermal method, solvothermal method, calcination method, self-assembly method, in situ growth, etc. Additionally, we summarize the applications of these g-C₃N₄-based S-Scheme heterojunctions in the degradation of antibiotics, focusing specifically on quinolones and tetracyclines. By providing insights into the development of these heterojunctions, we actively contribute to the ongoing exploration of innovative technologies in the field of photocatalytic antibiotic degradation. Our findings underscore the vast potential of g-C₃N₄-based S-Scheme heterojunctions in addressing the challenge of antibiotic contamination in water sources.

The integration of two-dimensional Ti₃C₂T_x nanosheets and other materials offers broader application options in the antibacterial field. Ti₃C₂T_x-based composites demonstrate synergistic physical, chemical, and photodynamic antibacterial activity. In this review, we aim to explore the potential of Ti₃C₂T_x-based composites in the fabrication of an antibiotic-free antibacterial agent with a focus on their systematic classification, manufacturing technology, and application potential. We investigate various components of Ti₃C₂T_x-based composites, such as metals, metal oxides, metal sulfides, organic frameworks, photosensitizers, etc. We also summarize the fabrication techniques used for preparing Ti₃C₂T_x-based composites, including solution mixing, chemical synthesis, layer-by-layer self-assembly, electrostatic assembly, and three-dimensional (3D) printing. The most recent developments in antibacterial application are also thoroughly discussed, with special attention to the medical, water treatment, food preservation, flexible textile, and industrial sectors. Ultimately, the future directions and opportunities are delineated, underscoring the focus of further research, such as elucidating microscopic mechanisms, achieving a balance between biocompatibility and antibacterial efficiency, and investigating effective, eco-friendly synthesis techniques combined with intelligent technology. A survey of the literature provides a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art developments in Ti₃C₂T_x-based composites and their potential applications in various fields. This comprehensive review covers the variety, preparation methods, and applications of Ti₃C₂T_x-based composites, drawing upon a total of 171 English-language references. Notably, 155 of these references are from the past five years, indicating significant recent progress and interest in this research area.

Conventional medical agents for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) with some adverse effects no longer meet the needs of the public. In this study, the prognosis-related hub genes of osmanthus-targeted therapy for OSCC were predicted and analyzed by network pharmacology and molecular docking. Osmanthus was extracted using the ethanol reflux method and osmanthus-loaded PVP/PVA (OF/PVP/PVA) hydrogel was prepared by electron beam radiation. The molecular structure, crystal structure and microscopic morphology of hydrogels were observed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. OSCC cells CAL-27 were cultured with OF/PVP/PVA hydrogel at different concentrations of extract to discover cell proliferation by MTT assay. The scratching test and JC-1 staining were used to observe the migration and mitochondrial membrane potential. Through experimental exploration, we found that a total of six prognosis-related targets were predicted, which are PYGL, AURKA, SQLE, etc., and osmanthus extract had good binding activity to AURKA. In vitro, except for proliferation inhibition, OF/PVP/PVA hydrogel prevented cell migration and changed the mitochondrial membrane potential of CAL-27 cells at a concentration equal to or greater than 50 μg/mL (p < 0.05). The addition of autophagy inhibitor chloroquine and 3-methyladenine weakened the migration inhibition of hydrogel (p < 0.05).

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) holds considerable promise for advancing anticancer treatment, owing to its precision and minimally invasive nature. In this study, we successfully synthesized a series of titanium carbide (Ti₃C₂, TC)/graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄, CN) nanocomposite through a synergistic approach combining electron beam irradiation and 2D/2D composite formation. According to the results, 1TC/200-CN (1TC, which TC was 1, referred to the mass ratio; 200-CN, which CN was 200 kGy, referred to the irradiation metering) displayed a 94% degradation rate of methylene blue (10 mg/L) in 100 min. Furthermore, the proliferation rate of CAL-27 cells was suppressed to just 23.3% at a concentration of 320 μg/mL of 1TC/200-CN. Notably, the group treated with this concentration exhibited the largest residual scratch area, accompanied by a notable decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential. These enhanced effects were attributed to the efficient transfer of electron-hole pairs facilitated by the TC/CN composite. Our findings not only contribute to the development of efficient and stable nanocomposites for PDT applications but also provide valuable insights into the utilization of nanomaterials in the biomedical field, thereby paving the way for potential breakthroughs in cancer treatment.