Excess pore pressure generation of uniform gravel and gravel-sand mixtures was evaluated in this study. Comparisons were made with existing relationships for pore pressure generation of sands and show that gravel and gravel-sand mixtures can exhibit different pore pressure responses. The influence of liquefaction definition, gravel particle angularity, particle size, relative density, initial vertical effective stress, cyclic stress ratio, and gravel percentage, on the generation of excess pore water pressure of gravel and gravel-sand mixtures was studied. Liquefaction definition, particle size, initial vertical effective stress, and cyclic stress ratio were found to not have a significant effect on the normalized excess pore pressure generation (i.e., $r_u$ versus $N/N_L$ ). Conversely, relative density, particle angularity, and mixture percentage of gravels were found to have a more significant effect on the normalized excess pore pressure generation response (i.e., $r_u$ versus $N/N_L$ ). Additionally, the coefficient of uniformity ($C_u$ ) was found to have a strong correlation with increased excess pore pressure generation ratio at values of $N/N_L$ less than 0.40, highlighting the influence of grain size distribution on early pore pressure generation response. A new pore pressure model was developed to predict $r_u$ based on $C_u$ for gravelly soils.

Mitigating the effects of natural hazards through infrastructure planning requires integration of diverse types of information from a range of fields, including engineering, geography, social science, and geology. Challenges in data availability and previously siloed data have hindered the ability to obtain the information necessary to support decision making for disaster risk management. This is particularly challenging for areas susceptible to multiple types of natural hazards, especially in low-income communities that lack the resources for data collection. The data revolution is altering this landscape, due to the increased availability of remotely sensed data and global data repositories. This work seeks to leverage these advancements to develop a framework using open global datasets for identifying optimal locations for disaster relief shelters. The goal of this study is to empower low-income regions and make resilience more equitable by providing a multi-hazard shelter planning framework that is accessible to all decision-makers. The tool described integrates spatial multi-criteria decision analysis methods with a network analysis procedure to inform decisions regarding disaster shelter planning and siting.

Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) has been extensively studied for potential use as a recycled material in infrastructure construction. There is consensus that utilization of RAP provides environmental and economic benefits for most projects. However, impacts to engineering performance are less known, owing to the highly variable nature of RAP sources with different asphalt pavement mixtures and milling processes, which has limited the adoption of RAP as fill material in geotechnical infrastructure. This study conducted a comprehensive review of geotechnical properties reported for RAP in the experimental literature. The gradation, specific gravity, density, moisture content, hydraulic conductivity, leaching, shear strength, and creep properties of different RAP sources are summarized and compared. These geotechnical properties, as well as recent investigations into the effects of temperature and aggregate mixing, were used to identify the potential reuse of RAP in highway transportation applications beyond just asphalt mixture design, such as embankments. Additionally, correlations between gradation properties (C_u, D₁₀, D₈₅), asphalt content, and the geotechnical properties of maximum dry density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and shear strength were identified.

Estimation of post-liquefaction settlement is critical to robust design within a performance-based earthquake engineering framework. However, most research in soil liquefaction has focused on triggering of liquefaction rather than post-liquefaction response. In addition, the liquefaction and post-liquefaction response of gravelly soils is not as well understood as sandy soils because of the challenges of testing large particle size materials in the laboratory. In this study, a prototype large-size cyclic simple shear (CSS) device was utilized to evaluate the post-liquefaction response of gravel-sand mixtures. Test materials included 9 mm subrounded pea gravel, 8 mm angular crushed limestone (CLS8), subrounded Ottawa C109 sand, and mixtures of gravel and sand at varying percentages. Constant volume cyclic simple shear tests were performed to assess post-liquefaction volumetric strain (settlement). The effects of particle angularity, relative density, and mixture percentage on post-liquefaction volumetric strain were investigated. The results show that post-liquefaction volumetric strain is dependent on particle angularity. As particle angularity increased, the post-liquefaction volumetric strain decreased for the uniform materials (Ottawa C109 sand, pea gravel, and CLS8). The subrounded pea gravel and subrounded Ottawa C109 sand had similar post-liquefaction volumetric strains, indicating that uniform gravel and uniform sand can have similar values of post-liquefaction volumetric strain if their particle morphology is similar.