Cancer is a multifaceted disease that results from the complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Cancer is a mortal disease with the biggest clinical, societal, and economic burden. Research on better methods of the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer is crucial. Recent advancements in material science have led to the development of metal–organic frameworks, also known as MOFs. MOFs have recently been established as promising and adaptable delivery platforms and target vehicles for cancer therapy. These MOFs have been constructed in a fashion that offers them the capability of drug release that is stimuli-responsive. This feature has the potential to be exploited for cancer therapy that is externally led. This review presents an in-depth summary of the research that has been conducted to date in the field of MOF-based nanoplatforms for cancer therapeutics.

The first two-dimensional (2D) substance sparked a boom in research since this type of material showed potential promise for applications in field sensors. A class of 2D transition metal nitrides, carbides, and carbonitrides are referred to as MXenes. Following the 2011 synthesis of Ti₃C₂ from Ti₃AlC₂, much research has been published. Since these materials have several advantages over conventional 2D materials, they have been extensively researched, synthesized, and studied by many research organizations. To give readers a general understanding of these well-liked materials, this review examines the structures of MXenes, discusses various synthesis procedures, and analyzes physicochemistry properties, particularly optical, electronic, structural, and mechanical properties. The focus of this review is the analysis of modern advancements in the development of MXene-based sensors, including electrochemical sensors, gas sensors, biosensors, optical sensors, and wearable sensors. Finally, the opportunities and challenges for further study on the creation of MXenes-based sensors are discussed.

High-sensitivity biomedical sensors could make it possible to detect and classify chemical and biological species in a variety of applications, from disease diagnosis to medication discovery, thus, boosting the likelihood of life-saving intervention. Synthesized nanowires have already produced advancements in a variety of sectors, including biological sensors over the last decade. When compared to macro-sized materials, the nanowires’ large surface area-to-volume ratio increased sensitivity. Their applications for biomarker, viral, and DNA detection, as well as drug discovery, are also discussed. Self-powering, reusability, sensitivity in high ionic strength solvents, and long-term stability are all examples of recent developments. Shortly, the nanowire is likely to lead to major improvements in biomedical sensors. This review provides a full overview of the nanowire sensor’s working principle and production procedure. We have discussed how to produce nanowires that can be utilized as biosensors for different bacteria and pathogens, protease, DNA and RNA, neurotransmitters, and chemical compounds. Biosensing technology has dramatically improved because of the introduction of nanowires in biosensors. This is a result of the application of new biorecognition components and transducers, improvements in the manufacture, design, and miniaturization of nanostructured devices at the micron scale, and unique approaches for the synthesis of nanowires. The versatility, robustness, and dynamic nature of sensing technologies have all improved thanks to the usage of nanowires.

Antimicrobial resistance has become a major global health concern. In this context, the present study aimed to explore endophytic microorganisms from Emblica urinaria as a potential source of antimicrobial metabolites. E. urinaria samples were collected and identified based prior to the isolation of endophytes. The endophytes were then isolated and assessed in terms of their antimicrobial activity against different pathogen strains, including Gram-positive (MRSA_Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Streptococcusfaecalis), Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebisiella pneumoniae) strains, and Candida albicans, using agar plug method. The endophytes with detectable antimicrobial activity were identified using morphological and molecular methods (Internal Transcribed Spacer sequencing_ITS). Afterwards, the culture conditions of the most potential strain were optimized, using one factor at a time, and Response surface methodology. Eventually, its major bioactive compounds was preliminarily screened using LC-MS-MS method. The results showed that a total of eleven endophytes strains were isolated from E. urinaria. Four of the eleven strains demonstrated promising antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains. Especially, an antifungal activity against C. albicans was detected for the first time in E. urinaria endophytes. These endophytes were identified to be Colletotrichum aeschynomenes (CD-R1), Diaporthe etinsideae (CD-T1), Phyllosticta fallopiae (CD-R4), and Albifimbria viridis (CD-L1). The CD-L1 (Albifimbria viridis) was the strain with the most relevant antimicrobial activities. Its opitmal culture conditions was determined to be Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB), with five days of incubation, under agitation, at an intial inoculum size of 10⁵ spores/mL, pH 6, and with sucrose (32.5 g/L) and potato extract (200 g/L) as carbon and nitrogen source, respectively. In terms of its metabolites’ chemical compotision, LC–MS/MS profiling detected seven metabolite features putatively annotated as verrucarin-, roridin-, and trichoverrin-type trichothecene derivatives. This study was the first study that focus on the antimicrobial potential of E. urinaria endophytes and reconfirmed the important role of endophytes metabolites as an abundant source for antimicrobial agents.