The impact of emissions from the fuel and energy sectors adversely affects the environment on the economies of countries. One of these pollutants is volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which contribute to the formation of tropospheric ozone. Emissions of hydrocarbon formation in the form of VOCs occur in four stages of the fuel and energy industry sector: (1) production, (2) processing, (3) transportation, and (4) storage. The oil and gas industry ranks among the top polluting industries in terms of VOC emissions. Research on the negative impact of VOCs, as well as CO₂ emissions from the consequences of the extraction, processing, transport, and storage of oil and gas on the ecosystem of the planet and the population, has begun to be studied by science recently. Typically, these studies were conducted using laboratory and field analyses, as well as using data on anthropogenic emissions in the development of regulatory documents and requirements governing the control of VOC and CO₂ emissions in the oil and gas industry. This paper presents a critical analysis of the literature on research on the negative effects of VOC emissions on the ecosystem and human health because of such factors as production, processing, transportation, and storage of hydrocarbons. This analysis shows the global magnitude of VOC emissions. Data from human‐made emissions from the oil and gas industry and direct emissions from transportation and energy processing were used to figure out how VOCs affect the environment around the world and how far they spread. In conclusion, this study found patterns of VOC emissions that show how important it is to control VOCs during the production, processing, transportation, and storage of oil and gas, as well as how important it is to create a single research base on emissions for each industry sector and on sources of greenhouse gas absorption.

Pipeline transportation is widely regarded as the most cost-effective method for conveying substantial volumes of hydrogen across extensive distances. However, before hydrogen can be widely used, a new pipeline network must be built to reliably supply industrial users. An alternative way to rather expensive investments in new infrastructure could be to use the existing pipeline network to add pure hydrogen to natural gas and further transport the gas mixture in an industrially safe way. The new solution necessities will be examined for compression, transportation, and fire hazard accidents, which have not been scrutinized by other scholars. This study presents the results of a comprehensive analysis of the methane–hydrogen mixture compression process and a mathematical description of the main pipeline operation during gas mixture transportation, considering industrial fire safety issues. By examining a case study involving a main gas pipeline and its associated mathematical model for hydrogen transportation, it becomes feasible to assess the potential hazards associated with various leakage areas and the subsequent occurrence of fires. The findings of this investigation demonstrate that the spontaneous combustion of hydrogen due to leakage from a natural gas pipeline is directly influenced by the proportion of hydrogen present in the gas mixture. If the hydrogen percentage reaches a balanced ratio of 50–50%, it is plausible that the equipment at the compressor station could be subject to detrimental consequences, potentially leading to accidents and fires. Furthermore, the obtained results from modeling in ANSYS Fluent software propose two practical scenarios, which demonstrate that despite the limited research conducted on the safety aspects and the occurrence of fires during the operation of hydrogen gas pipelines, industrial and fire safety necessitate the inclusion of hydrogen transport infrastructure as a pivotal element within the broader framework of hydrogen infrastructure development.

This study determines and presents the capital and operating costs imposed by the use of CO₂ capture technologies in the refining and petrochemical sectors. Depending on the refining process and the CO₂ capture method, CO₂ emissions costs of EUR 30 to 40 per ton of CO₂ can be avoided. Advanced low-temperature CO₂ capture technologies for upgrading oxyfuel reformers may not provide any significant long-term and short-term benefits compared to conventional technologies. For this reason, an analysis was performed to estimate the CO₂ reduction potential for the oil and gas industries using short- and long-term ST/MT technologies, was arriving at a reduction potential of about 0.5–1 Gt/yr. The low cost of CO₂ reduction is a result of the good integration of CO₂ capture into the oil production process. The results show that advanced gasoline fraction recovery with integrated CO₂ capture can reduce the cost of producing petroleum products and reduce CO₂ emissions, while partial CO₂ capture has comparative advantages in some cases.

The optimization of transportation logistics is a critical challenge in industries with complex supply chain frameworks, such as the oil and gas petroleum sector. This study applies Linear Goal Programming (LGP) to address the multidimensional transportation planning challenges associated with the South Pars Gas Field Development (SPGFD) in Iran. The proposed model incorporates conflicting objectives, including minimizing transportation costs, maximizing refinery capacity utilization, and fulfilling depot demands under logistical and operational constraints. A multi-objective optimization framework was developed to balance cost efficiency, supply chain reliability, and operational goals. Furthermore, sensitivity analyses were conducted to evaluate the model's robustness under fluctuating transportation costs, varying refinery outputs, and dynamic demand conditions.The results demonstrate the LGP model's effectiveness, achieving a 16% reduction in transportation costs compared to traditional methods, while ensuring full compliance with refinery output capacities and depot demands. In crisis-mode simulations, characterized by reduced refinery outputs and increased costs, the model maintained 98% demand fulfillment and achieved a 9% cost saving, underscoring its resilience and adaptability. The study highlights the potential of LGP to optimize supply chain operations in dynamic and uncertain environments, offering a scalable framework applicable to other industries.

Until now, various composites based on zinc oxide (ZnO) have been investigated in electrochemical sensors. The physical and electrochemical properties of ZnO and its structure can improve the selectivity, sensitivity, and adaptability of nanocomposites. Therefore, the focus on the fabrication of cheap ZnO-based electrodes with affordable and easy transportability has increased. In addition, the electrochemical behavior is affected by the structure and morphology of the ZnO-based composite in detecting pollutants such as volatile organic compounds, heavy metals, and toxins. Furthermore, ZnO-based nanostructures are efficient in the fabrication of electrochemical sensors in the food industry, pharmaceutical analysis, and medical diagnostics. In this review, various techniques in the synthesis of ZnO-based electrodes and their effect on the particle size, shape, and morphology of compounds have been collected. Since the performance of chemical sensors has a direct relationship with the structure of the composite used in its electrode, it is necessary to discuss the new production methods, new concepts, strategies, and challenges. Additionally, new gains highlight recent developments and sensing of various analytes in the monitoring systems. These sensors have demonstrated a strong growth acceleration which could lead to the development of recent technologies. At last, an optimistic outlook is provided on the future of ZnO-based sensors and their challenges.