This paper discusses an important issue for today’s mobile world striving for sustainable development, namely ecotourism. The major objective of the study presented in this article was to carry out a comparative analysis of the conventional tourist trip along the Kharkov (Ukraine)–Varna (Bulgaria) route in an electric car and by air transport. The main criteria for comparing two variants of tourist trip were cost price, time, mobility, and incidental cost. The authors used the Pareto method and the shortest distance to the target method. Comparative analysis of the travel options “electric car” and “air transport” by the Pareto method and the method of the shortest distance to the target showed that traveling by electric car is almost one and a half times more profitable than traveling by plane.

This study aims to investigate the operation of a tractor as part of the tillage unit on the basis of analysis of its interaction with the supporting surface and the correlation between the mass of the tractor and tool. The classic approach to determining the efficiency factor does not take into account the extensive system of power take-off shafts and the extent of their use in combined tillage units. To solve the related problem, a mathematical apparatus was built in the study, which makes it possible to determine the rational ratio between the traction force of a tractor and the mass of the tillage unit. Underlying the methodological basis of the work is the generalization and analysis of the study of traction indicators of the tractor as part of the tillage unit. Empirical models of unit operation were constructed by employing the basic principles of the system approach and analysis of technical systems. When improving the methodology of research using the method of partial accelerations and our devised procedures, it was possible to significantly reduce the time without compromising the quality of results. The maximum traction efficiency for John Deere 8R series tractors as part of the tillage unit was determined, ηTmax=0.719, as well as the conditions for its provision. The traction efficiency for tractors with wheel formula 4K2, mass Gim=6–10 t, with power consumption from 60 % to 80 % was determined; it is 0.58–0.64. The results of the study make it possible to obtain a new solution to the scientific problem of ensuring the maximum traction efficiency of the tractor as part of the tillage unit, based on the rational ratio between the traction force of the tractor and the weight of the machine-tractor unit. The proposed system approach could be used to justify the layout of units and recommendations regarding their modes of operation in the case of instability of operating mass and traction force

The purpose of the study is to increase the efficiency of using the tractor hitch weight in traction mode by reducing the uneven distribution of vertical reactions between the wheels. This work is grounded on a methodology that involves summarizing and analyzing established scientific findings related to the theory of tractors operating in traction mode. The analytical method and comparative analysis were employed to establish a scientific problem, define research objectives, and achieve the goal. The key principles of probability theory were applied in developing the empirical models of the tractor. The main provisions of the methodology for evaluating the traction properties of the tractor with the instability of the coupling weight were formulated. The method of evaluating the vertical reactions on the wheels of the tractor is substantiated, which is based on the measurement of the vertical reaction on one of the four wheels. It was proven that tractors with a center of mass offset to the front or rear axles have the greatest probability of equal distribution of vertical reactions between the wheels of one axle, and tractors with a center of mass in the middle between the axles have the lowest probability. It is theoretically substantiated and experimentally confirmed that when the tractor performs plowing work with uneven distribution of loads on the sides, its operation with maximum traction efficiency is ensured by blocking the front and rear axle drivers.

В роботі проведено аналіз методів та засобів оцінки тягових властивостей трактора обґрунтовано, що найбільш перспективним методом оцінки тягово-швидкісних властивостей трактора є спосіб, оснований на вимірюванні його прискорень при русі на гоні. На основі результатів експериментальних досліджень зроблено висновок про необхідність теоретичного дослідження ефективності баластування трактора

Introduction. One of the most important components of the student-centered education concept is to give higher education students the right to independent- ly choose a certain part of the academic disciplines of the educational program, i.e. to implement their individual educational trajectory. Today, there are seven types of models for implementing the individual educational trajectory of a higher education seeker. However, the question remains which model to choose when creating an educational program. Purpose. Critical analysis of models of realization of individual educational trajectory of a higher education seeker. The methods of logical analysis and a systematic approach are used in the article for critical analysis of mod- els of realization of individual educational trajectory of a higher education seeker Results. The article critically analyzes seven models of implementation of individual educational trajectory of a higher education seeker, selected depending on the methodology used to form a variable part of the individual plan: a model that provides a completely free choice of educational components; a model of free choice within a certain set of educational components; a model of choice of educational components in continuous blocks; a model that provides a combination of free choice and continuous blocks; major-minor model; a model based on the concept of "mobility window", as well as a model that provides a combination of the above models. Examples of formation of individual educational trajectory with application of these models are given. Their main advantages and dis- advantages are identified. Conclusion. It is proved that there is no "universal" model of implementation of the principle of selectivity, which would be the most effective for all possible educa- tional programs. When designing each educational program, it is necessary to justify the choice of the model according to which the seeker will make the choice of disciplines. This choice will be different in each case depending on the characteristics of the industry, specialty, the available capabilities of the institution of higher education, in particular in the direction of international cooperation and so on. At the same time, the main criterion for choosing a model for implementing the principle of selectivity should be the quality of training, its competitiveness in the labor market and compliance with the principles of student-centered approach