Background: The escalating global incidence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) necessitates a thorough examination of its epidemiological trends and sociodemographic correlations. Our study bridges this gap by analyzing the global impact of PCOS among women of childbearing age (WCBA) from 1990 to 2021, aiming to inform strategies for enhanced prevention and management.Methods: We extracted data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021), focusing on the burden of PCOS among women aged 15–49 years. We assessed incidence, prevalence, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) trends using the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) and explored the link between PCOS burden and sociodemographic index (SDI).Results: In 2021, the prevalence cases of PCOS worldwide were 65.77 million, the incidence cases were 1,175.07 thousand, and the DALYs cases were 576.05 thousand. Compared with 1990, the percentage changes were 89, 49, and 87%, respectively. The EAPCs indicated upward trends in prevalence and DALYs rates, with a less pronounced increase in incidence rates. The middle SDI region had the highest PCOS case numbers, and the 45–49 age group in this region experienced the most significant burden increase. A strong positive correlation existed between PCOS prevalent rates and SDI (r = 0.582, p < 0.001).Conclusion: The global burden of PCOS among WCBA has significantly increased over the past three decades, particularly in the 45–49 age group in middle SDI regions. The correlation between PCOS prevalent rates and SDI highlights the role of socio-economic factors in PCOS epidemiology. Tailored prevention and management strategies are crucial for reducing the global burden of PCOS and improving female health outcomes.

Lung cancer remains one of the major causes of cancer-related death globally. Recent studies have shown that aberrant m⁶A levels caused by METTL3 are involved in the malignant progression of various tumors, including lung cancer. The m⁶A modification, the most abundant RNA chemical modification, regulates RNA stabilization, splicing, translation, decay, and nuclear export. The methyltransferase complex plays a key role in the occurrence and development of many tumors by installing m⁶A modification. In this complex, METTL3 is the first identified methyltransferase, which is also the major catalytic enzyme. Recent findings have revealed that METTL3 is remarkably associated with different aspects of lung cancer progression, influencing the prognosis of patients. In this review, we will focus on the underlying mechanism of METT3 in lung cancer and predict the future work and potential clinical application of targeting METTL3 for lung cancer therapy.

Background: Chronic comorbidities are often associated with higher risks of depression and mortality. This study aims to explore the relationships between the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) and depression, and their combined effect on mortality.Methods: This study made use of data gathered in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2007 to 2018, including a collective of 23,927 adult participants. According to CCI score distribution, CCI was categorized into three groups (T1 with CCI = 0; T2 with CCI = 1; T3 with CCI ≥ 2). In the CCI ≥ 2 group, patients may have two or more chronic diseases. Multivariable logistic regression models were employed to explore the relationship between CCI and depression. The study utilized the Cox proportional hazards model to investigate the association between CCI, the combination of CCI and depression, and all-cause mortality.Results: Our analysis revealed that after adjusting for potential confounders, a positive association was found between CCI and depression (OR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.21, 1.29). Moreover, a greater CCI was found to be closely linked to higher mortality in individuals with depression (HR = 1.14, 95% CI 1.11, 1.18). Stratifying CCI into tertiles, higher tertiles of CCI (T2, T3 vs T1) also showed positive associations with depression and all-cause mortality. For patients with CCI ≥2 (T3) combined with depression, the risk of mortality was significantly elevated compared to those with CCI = 0 (T1) and non-depressed participants (HR = 2.01, 95% CI: 1.60, 2.52).Conclusion: The study findings demonstrate a positive correlation between CCI and the risk of depression, along with an association with increased all-cause mortality among depression patients. Hence, it is important to prioritize the clinical care of patients with a high CCI (≥2) and depression in order to lower the chances of mortality.

Background: Fibroblast activation protein-α (FAP) is a specific marker of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and plays a crucial role in tumor development. However, the biological processes underlying FAP expression in tumor progression and tumor immunity have not been fully elucidated. Methods: We utilized RNA-seq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) to perform differential analysis of FAP expression in tumor tissues and matched-normal tissues. The relationship between FAP expression and clinical prognosis, DNA methylation, and tumor-infiltrating immune cells in pan-cancer was assessed using R Studio (version 4.2.1). Additionally, we employed gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and gene set variation analysis (GSVA) to investigate the biological functions and pathways associated with FAP expression. Results: FAP exhibits high expression in most malignancies, albeit to a lesser extent in CESC, KICH, UCEC, SKCM, THCA, and UCS. Furthermore, FAP is either positively or negatively associated with the prognosis of several malignancies. In seven types of cancer, FAP expression is positively correlated with DNA methylation. CIBERSORT analysis revealed an inverse correlation between FAP expression and T cells, B cells, monocytes, and NK cells, while it exhibited a positive correlation with M0, M1, and M2 macrophages. Enrichment analysis further demonstrated that FAP modulates the cell cycle, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, angiogenesis, and immune-related functions and pathways. Conclusion: Our findings indicate a close relationship between FAP expression and tumorigenesis as well as tumor immunity. FAP has the potential to serve as a diagnostic, prognostic, and immunotherapy marker.

Background: Endometriosis is a common disease among women of childbearing age (WCBA), significantly affecting their physiological health. This study systematically analyzes the global, regional, and national burden of endometriosis in WCBA based on the Global Burden of Disease 2021 (GBD 2021) database. Methods: This study focuses specifically on the WCBA population, evaluating the burden of endometriosis in terms of incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Results: Globally, the number of prevalent cases of endometriosis among WCBA increased from 19.08 million in 1990 to 21.05 million in 2021, marking a 10% rise; incident cases grew from 3.326 million to 3.439 million, an increase of 3%; DALYs rose from 1.759 million to 1.939 million, a 10% increase; and deaths increased from 21.55 to 46.72, a rise of 117%. However, the age-standardized incidence, prevalence, and DALY rates showed downward trends, with EAPCs of -0.94, -1.12, and -0.93, respectively. Regions with a middle SDI level recorded the highest numbers of prevalent cases, incident cases, DALYs, and deaths. In 2021, endometriosis exhibited marked age-related differences worldwide. Women aged 25–29 had the highest number of prevalent cases and DALYs, those aged 20–24 had the highest incidence, and those aged 45–49 had the highest number of deaths. Conclusion: The global distribution of endometriosis varies significantly across regions, highlighting the need for public health policies to be tailored to regional contexts to optimize healthcare resource allocation.

Lung transplantation remains the only effective treatment for end-stage lung disease, offering the potential to significantly prolong survival and enhance quality of life for recipients. However, primary graft dysfunction (PGD)-a severe form of lung injury occurring within the first 72 h post-transplantation-constitutes a major cause of early mortality and presents a substantial barrier to the broader clinical adoption of lung transplantation. Biomarkers, defined as specific molecules, cells, or other biological indicators detectable within or outside the body, can reflect physiological states, disease progression, or therapeutic responses. The identification of accurate and reliable biomarkers for the prediction and diagnosis of PGD is therefore critical for improving diagnostic precision and therapeutic outcomes. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the discovery of PGD-related biomarkers, encompassing a wide range of candidates such as plasma proteins, hormones, cell-free DNA, and immunoreactive substances. The complex biomarker landscape associated with PGD involves multiple signaling pathways and cellular phenotypes. Despite ongoing research, no single biomarker has yet demonstrated sufficient predictive or diagnostic power to be used independently in clinical practice. Consequently, continued investigation is essential to validate existing biomarkers and develop optimized strategies for their integration into routine clinical application.