Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum) worldwide. This disease is caused by Fusarium species including Fusarium graminearum Schwabe sensu stricto, F. culmo...

The predominant cropping scheme for dryland wheat production in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) region of the United States includes winter wheat–summer fallow. Lack of crop diversification can deplete the soil organic matter and nutrients, while favoring the build-up of soilborne diseases. Cover crops are becoming more common within a standard rotation, primarily to provide protection against soil erosion, incorporate nutrients, and break soilborne diseases’ cycles. In this study, we investigated the potential of using hemp as a cover crop in a dryland wheat rotation to reduce soilborne diseases, and thus increase farmers’ profitability. While the benefits of barley and yellow mustard cover crops are well understood, the benefits of a hemp cover crop have not been examined in the PNW. We observed Fusarium spp. disease suppression on winter wheat following a hemp cover crop in the greenhouse studies. However, under field conditions, we did not observe a difference in pathogen abundance on winter wheat following hemp cover crop and hemp amendments in the field. Any potential to limit soilborne disease is a profitability opportunity for farmers. Our findings indicate that incorporating a hemp rotation into the PNW dryland wheat production system holds promise as a strategy to reduce soilborne diseases and improve soil health, though further research is necessary to confirm its effectiveness and underlying mechanism.

Camelina (Camelina sativa L.) is an oilseed crop in the Brassicaceae family that can be grown as a spring or summer annual or as a biennial winter crop in a variety of climates and soil conditions (Moser 2010). It has been grown on a commercial basis in Montana for more than a decade (Grady and Nleya 2010). During the 2020 and 2021 growing seasons, camelina plants grown in plots at Sidney, MT, exhibited symptoms typical of aster yellows phytoplasma (Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris) infection. Symptoms included stunted growth, purpling of leaves, phyllody, proliferation of shoots and axillary shoots, and a reduced number or absence of pods (Figure 1). We examined 1696 single plants in a field experiment, approximately 4% in the 0.5-acre plot was found with symptoms. Plants were collected from seven locations across the field, with three replicate plants per location. Two 2-cm pieces of branches were taken from each plant for DNA extraction, using the BioSprint DNA Plant Kit (Qiagen, Germany) following the manufacturer's instructions. DNA was amplified by nested PCR first using the primers P1 (AAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAGGATT) and P6 (TGGTAGGGATACCTTGTTACGACTTA), then R16F2 (ACGACTGCTGCTAAGACTGG) and R16R2 (TGACGGGCGGTGTGTACAAACCCCG), according to the protocol described by Olivier et al. (2010). These primers are universal for phytoplasma detection, which amplify a specific 16S rDNA fragment. PCR products of 1200 bp were obtained from all symptomatic plants, while no amplicons were obtained from the asymptomatic plants, including the asymptomatic parts of the partially infected plant. The PCR products were sequenced with primers R16F2 and R16R2 from both 5' and 3' ends, and the resulting sequences were submitted to GenBank (accession no. PQ134480). BLASTN search showed that the sequences we obtained were 99.46% similar to Maryland aster yellows phytoplasma (accession no. KC283215) and Sesame phyllody phytoplasma (accession no. JX448399, JX448400, JX448401, HM449958). To further confirm the identity of the pathogen, a second set of primers fTuf1 (CACATTGACCACGGTAAAAC) and rTuf1 (CCACCTTCACGAATAGAGAAC) were used (Schneider et al. 1997). These primers universally amplify phytoplasma elongation factor TU (tuf) gene fragment. PCR products around 1100 bp were obtained, sequenced with the same primers, and submitted to GenBank (accession no. PQ256823). BLASTN result shows that the sequences were 99.80% identical to aster yellows witches'-broom phytoplasma (accession no. AY277404, CP000061). These sequencing results suggest that the pathogen infecting camelina is aster yellows phytoplasma. Aster yellows has been reported on camelina in South Dakota (Byamukama et al. 2016) and Canada (Séguin-Swartz et al. 2009). Our sequence was 100% similar to the one reported in South Dakota. To our knowledge, this is the first report of aster yellows on camelina in Montana. The phytoplasma has a wide host range, primarily Asteraceae, and is vectored by the aster leafhopper (Macrosteles quadrilineatus). Weeds in the Asteraceae can act as reservoirs for the carryover of the pathogen from year to year. The pathogen can also infect canola, barley, wheat, peas, and alfalfa, which are widely grown as rotation crops in the Sidney, MT area. The aster leafhopper is commonly found on wheat in SD (Varenhorst, 2024). The distribution and impact of aster yellows on camelina productivity in Montana remains to be determined, but this discovery alerts the researchers and growers to be aware of the disease.