Objective: The likelihood of timely treatment for cervical cancer increases with timely detection of abnormal cervical cells. Automated methods of detecting abnormal cervical cells were established because manual identification requires skilled pathologists and is time consuming and prone to error. The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate the diagnostic performance of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies for the prediction, screening, and diagnosis of cervical cancer and pre-cancerous lesions. Materials and Methods: Comprehensive searches were performed on three databases: Medline, Web of Science Core Collection (Indexes = SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI, A & HCI Timespan) and Scopus to find papers published until July 2022. Articles that applied any AI technique for the prediction, screening, and diagnosis of cervical cancer were included in the review. No time restriction was applied. Articles were searched, screened, incorporated, and analyzed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines. Results: The primary search yielded 2538 articles. After screening and evaluation of eligibility, 117 studies were incorporated in the review. AI techniques were found to play a significant role in screening systems for pre-cancerous and cancerous cervical lesions. The accuracy of the algorithms in predicting cervical cancer varied from 70% to 100%. AI techniques make a distinction between cancerous and normal Pap smears with 80–100% accuracy. AI is expected to serve as a practical tool for doctors in making accurate clinical diagnoses. The reported sensitivity and specificity of AI in colposcopy for the detection of CIN2+ were 71.9–98.22% and 51.8–96.2%, respectively. Conclusion: The present review highlights the acceptable performance of AI systems in the prediction, screening, or detection of cervical cancer and pre-cancerous lesions, especially when faced with a paucity of specialized centers or medical resources. In combination with human evaluation, AI could serve as a helpful tool in the interpretation of cervical smears or images.

Objective: the purpose of this review was to evaluate the prevalence of appendiceal endometriosis and the safety of concomitant appendectomy in women with endometriosis or pelvic pain. Materials and Methods: We searched the electronic databases Medline (PubMed), Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science (WOS). The search was not subject to any limitation in terms of time or method. The primary research question was: what is the prevalence of appendiceal endometriosis? The secondary research question was: is it safe to perform appendectomy during surgery for endometriosis? Publications that reported data about appendiceal endometriosis or appendectomy in women with endometriosis were reviewed regarding the inclusion criteria. Results: We found 1418 records. After review and screening, we included 75 studies published between 1975 and 2021. With regard to the first question of the review, we found 65 eligible studies and divided these into the following two categories: (a) endometriosis of the appendix presenting as acute appendicitis, and (b) endometriosis of the appendix as an incidental finding in gynecological surgery. Forty-four case reports described appendiceal endometriosis in women who were admitted for the treatment of pain in the right-sided lower abdomen. Endometriosis of the appendix was observed in 2.67% (range, 0.36–23%) of women who were admitted due to acute appendicitis. In addition, appendiceal endometriosis was an incidental finding during gynecological surgery in 7.23% of cases (range, 1–44.3%). With regard to the second question of the review, which was the safety of appendectomy in women with endometriosis or pelvic pain, we found 11 eligible studies. Reviewed cases had no significant intraoperative or follow-up complications during the 12 weeks. Conclusion: Based on the reviewed studies, coincidental appendectomy appears reasonably safe and was associated with no complications in the cases reviewed for the present report.

Objective: Endometrial cancer is the sixth most common cancer in women. Extensive studies have been conducted around the world to determine the risk factors of endometrial cancer. Although each of these studies provides useful findings, review studies provide a clear view of the different aspects of a phenomenon. Therefore, this review study was conducted to determine the risk factors of endometrial cancer in the world. Mechanism: A comprehensive search was conducted in Medline, Web of Science Core Collection (Indexes = SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI, A&HCI Timespan), and Scopus databases with the keywords; “endometrial cancer”, “endometrial carcinoma”, “endometrial neoplasm”, “risk factor” and a combination of these words to find quality articles published from 2000 to 2024. Findings in brief: According to the literature, demographic factors, reproductive factors, gynecological factors, hormonal factors, lifestyle factors, medical conditions, and drugs can contribute to endometrial cancer. The study findings indicated that higher parity, oral contraceptive use, and regular physical activity may reduce the risk of developing endometrial cancer. Conversely, advanced age, prolonged reproductive period, infertility, polycystic ovary syndrome, postmenopausal hormone therapy, obesity, alcohol consumption, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes are associated with an increased susceptibility to this type of cancer. Conclusions: The findings of this study showed that reproductive factors such as early menarche, late menopause, nulliparity, and infertility increase the risk of endometrial cancer. Evidence shows that obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes play a role in the occurrence of endometrial cancer. Although the use of menopausal hormone therapy increases the risk of endometrial cancer, the use of combined oral contraceptives is associated with a reduced risk.

Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research aims to publish findings of doctors at grass root level and post graduate students, so that all unique medical experiences are recorded in literature.