Objective: The likelihood of timely treatment for cervical cancer increases with timely detection of abnormal cervical cells. Automated methods of detecting abnormal cervical cells were established because manual identification requires skilled pathologists and is time consuming and prone to error. The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate the diagnostic performance of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies for the prediction, screening, and diagnosis of cervical cancer and pre-cancerous lesions. Materials and Methods: Comprehensive searches were performed on three databases: Medline, Web of Science Core Collection (Indexes = SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI, A & HCI Timespan) and Scopus to find papers published until July 2022. Articles that applied any AI technique for the prediction, screening, and diagnosis of cervical cancer were included in the review. No time restriction was applied. Articles were searched, screened, incorporated, and analyzed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines. Results: The primary search yielded 2538 articles. After screening and evaluation of eligibility, 117 studies were incorporated in the review. AI techniques were found to play a significant role in screening systems for pre-cancerous and cancerous cervical lesions. The accuracy of the algorithms in predicting cervical cancer varied from 70% to 100%. AI techniques make a distinction between cancerous and normal Pap smears with 80–100% accuracy. AI is expected to serve as a practical tool for doctors in making accurate clinical diagnoses. The reported sensitivity and specificity of AI in colposcopy for the detection of CIN2+ were 71.9–98.22% and 51.8–96.2%, respectively. Conclusion: The present review highlights the acceptable performance of AI systems in the prediction, screening, or detection of cervical cancer and pre-cancerous lesions, especially when faced with a paucity of specialized centers or medical resources. In combination with human evaluation, AI could serve as a helpful tool in the interpretation of cervical smears or images.

Objective: the purpose of this review was to evaluate the prevalence of appendiceal endometriosis and the safety of concomitant appendectomy in women with endometriosis or pelvic pain. Materials and Methods: We searched the electronic databases Medline (PubMed), Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science (WOS). The search was not subject to any limitation in terms of time or method. The primary research question was: what is the prevalence of appendiceal endometriosis? The secondary research question was: is it safe to perform appendectomy during surgery for endometriosis? Publications that reported data about appendiceal endometriosis or appendectomy in women with endometriosis were reviewed regarding the inclusion criteria. Results: We found 1418 records. After review and screening, we included 75 studies published between 1975 and 2021. With regard to the first question of the review, we found 65 eligible studies and divided these into the following two categories: (a) endometriosis of the appendix presenting as acute appendicitis, and (b) endometriosis of the appendix as an incidental finding in gynecological surgery. Forty-four case reports described appendiceal endometriosis in women who were admitted for the treatment of pain in the right-sided lower abdomen. Endometriosis of the appendix was observed in 2.67% (range, 0.36–23%) of women who were admitted due to acute appendicitis. In addition, appendiceal endometriosis was an incidental finding during gynecological surgery in 7.23% of cases (range, 1–44.3%). With regard to the second question of the review, which was the safety of appendectomy in women with endometriosis or pelvic pain, we found 11 eligible studies. Reviewed cases had no significant intraoperative or follow-up complications during the 12 weeks. Conclusion: Based on the reviewed studies, coincidental appendectomy appears reasonably safe and was associated with no complications in the cases reviewed for the present report.

Background/Objectives: Cervical cancer remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality among women worldwide, marked by stark geographic and socioeconomic disparities. Preventable via HPV vaccination and screening, progress toward elimination varies widely across and within countries. This narrative review synthesizes the epidemiology, including incidence, mortality, survival, and stage distribution, as well as risk factors and the coverage/equity of HPV screening and vaccination programs. Methods: Comprehensive searches were performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar (no date restrictions; English only). Included were original epidemiological studies, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and international reports on burden, risk factors, or prevention indicators. Data were qualitatively synthesized into three themes: epidemiological patterns, risk factors, and screening/prevention programs. Results: Persistent high-risk HPV infection causes nearly all cervical cancers, predominantly HPV16/18, with regional variation in other types. Strong co-factors include HIV immunosuppression, early sexual debut, multiple partners, high parity, long-term oral contraceptive use, and smoking. Inequalities in incidence, late diagnosis, and survival are driven by socioeconomic disadvantages, low education, rural residence, and poor health system access. Screening ranges from cytology/VIA to primary HPV testing, but coverage is low and inequitable in high-burden settings. HPV vaccination has expanded yet faces major gaps in low- and middle-income countries. Conclusions: Cervical cancer burden concentrates in low-resource and marginalized populations. Global elimination demands accelerated, equitable scale-up of HPV vaccination and screening, alongside health system strengthening and barrier reduction.

Endometriosis is a benign chronic disease in women that is characterized by the presence of active foci of the endometrium or endometrial tissue occurring outside of the uterus. The disease causes disabling symptoms such as pelvic pain and infertility, which negatively affect a patient’s quality of life. In addition, endometriosis imposes an immense financial burden on the healthcare system. At present, laparoscopy is the gold standard for diagnosing the disease because other non-invasive diagnostic tests have less accuracy. In addition, other diagnostic tests have low accuracy. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of a highly sensitive, more specific, and non-invasive test for the early diagnosis of endometriosis. Numerous researchers have suggested miRNAs as potential biomarkers for endometriosis diagnosis due to their specificity and stability. However, the greatest prognostic force is the determination of several miRNAs, the expression of which varies in a given disease. Despite the identification of several miRNAs, the studies are investigatory in nature, and there is no consensus on them. In the present review, we first provide an introduction to the dysregulation of miRNAs in patients with endometriosis and the potential use of miRNAs as biomarkers in the detection of endometriosis. Then we will describe the role of the mir-200 family in endometriosis. Several studies have shown that the expression of the mir-200 family changes in endometriosis patients, suggesting that they could be used as a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for endometriosis.

Background: Esophageal cancer (EC) is one of the world's most unknown and deadly cancers. This study aimed to provide updated epidemiological indicators and the recent trend of EC by age group, gender, and geographical region in the world.Methods: Annual case data and age‐standardized rates (ASRs) of epidemiological indicators of EC were collected from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study from 1990 to 2019 in 204 countries and territories based on the sociodemographic index (SDI). Relative difference (%), average annual percentage change (AAPC), and the male/female ratio were calculated. Data are reported in values and 95% confidence interval (CI).Results: EC age‐standardized incidence rates (ASIR) decreased by 19%, age‐standardized death rates (ASDR) decreased by 25%, and disability‐adjusted life‐years ASR (DALYs ASR) decreased by 30% from 1990 to 2019. The higher number of EC cases was in men aged 50 to 69 years and in women aged over 70. From 1990 to 2019, Middle SDI countries experienced a decline in the ASIR and ASDR of EC. The High SDI countries had an increasing ASDR trend. In World Bank High‐Income countries, the ASIR of EC has remained unchanged and decreased in other regions. The Asia continent has the highest rate of incidence, mortality, and burden of EC and the highest rate of reduction. East Asia, Southern Sub‐Saharan Africa, and Eastern Sub‐Saharan Africa respectively have the highest ASIR of EC. Central Asia has experienced the greatest decrease in the ASIR and ASDR of EC, the countries of Central Europe had a steady ASIR and High‐Income North America had an increasing trend in ASIR and ASDR. The burden of EC shows a decreasing trend worldwide. Central and East Asia regions have the highest rate and the highest increase in the burden of EC.Conclusion: Based on great variation in the geographical distribution of epidemiological indicators of EC, investigating the reasons for this diversity requires more studies to be conducted in the field of prevention, distribution of risk factors, and implementation of screening methods with high cost‐effectiveness, and access to treatment methods. The provision of regional solutions may be more effective than global strategies.