The article presents the results of a study on the assessment of modern space–time trends of extreme values of air temperature and precipitation in 42 meteorological stations throughout Kazakhstan for the period from 1971 to 2020. Spatial and temporal analysis of the distribution of specialized climatic indices was recommended by the WMO climatology commission and an assessment of their trends was carried out. Spatial heterogeneity was revealed in terms of the degree of manifestation of changes and trends. Temperature indices are shown to confirm the overall warming trend. The division of the territory of Kazakhstan by the degree of manifestation of climate change into the southwestern and northeastern half was revealed. Extreme trends are most pronounced in the southwestern half, where a significant trend has been identified both for an increase in extremely high daytime and extremely low night temperatures. The calculated trends in temperature indices are generally significant, but the significance is mainly not ubiquitous; the trends are significant only in certain parts of Kazakhstan. WSDI and CSDI trends were found to confirm a widespread increase in the overall duration of heat waves and a reduction in the overall duration of cold waves. No significant extreme effects were found in the sediments. It is confirmed that Kazakhstan has weak, statistically insignificant, positive and negative trends in the maximum duration of the non-traveling period. Precipitation index trends, unlike temperature ones, are statistically insignificant in most of the country.

Changes in precipitation patterns, a fundamental aspect of climate change, can significantly impact soil erosion processes. This article aims to evaluate the current state of soil erosion in the Talas area utilizing the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). Climate projections for the study were obtained through the CMIP6 Global Climate Model (GCM) and the climatic data were integrated into the RUSLE to simulate potential changes in soil erosion patterns. The mean annual soil erosion rate, observed over the research duration, ranges from 0 to 127 (t y⁻¹). Results indicate that 56.29% of the study area is characterized by a low susceptibility to soil erosion, with an additional 33.56% classified as at moderate risk and 7.36% deemed at high risk of erosion. Furthermore, the evaluation reveals an average increase in precipitation levels compared to the baseline. Models project a rise of 21.4%, 24.2%, and 26.4% by the years 2030, 2050, and 2070, respectively. Concurrently, the study observes a parallel increase in soil loss with precipitation, demonstrating a rise of 34%, 35.5%, and 38.9% for the corresponding time periods. Also, the spatially distributed results show that the southern part of the territory of the Talas region has been impacted by erosion over the past and will also be in the future period. These findings underscore the intricate interplay between climate-induced changes in precipitation and their significant impact on soil erosion. The results provide essential insights for developing targeted soil conservation strategies in the Talas area under evolving climatic conditions.

A distinctive feature of Mangystau is a significant number of underground mosques that have existed within the region since the X-XIII centuries. The purpose of the study is to analyze and assess the current state of underground mosques and the prospects for their use as objects for the development of tourism. The study was carried out as a result of the use of complex methods: dialectical, retrospective, systemic and logical analysis, as well as general scientific methods of comparison, analysis and synthesis. Underground mosques in Mangistau region play an important role in the development of tourism in Kazakhstan. The analysis shows that the objects carved into the rock are unique underground structures that differ in the peculiarity and history of their formation. The research results can be used in theoretical and methodological research on this topic. The research materials show that in the Mangistau region it is necessary to study the religious heritage using a rich resource base and develop new tour programs that will increase the region's tourism pportunities and the development of all types of religious tourism.

The article delves into the development of a comprehensive concept for the sustainable development of regions characterized by intensive environmental management. This concept is rooted in the interplay of several key factors, including the environmental component, social attractiveness, and infrastructural accessibility. By meticulously analyzing these factors and juxtaposing them with the geographical distribution of recreational facilities, the authors propose the innovative concept of a recreational and functional zone. This concept aims to harmonize environmental, economic, and social considerations to foster sustainable development. In this study, particular attention is given to three districts within the steppe zone of the Aktobe region, which are notable for their high levels of economic development and intensive environmental management practices. The analysis encompasses a thorough examination of the ecological, economic, and sociological dimensions of these areas. The authors explore the intricate dynamics between these components to understand the challenges and opportunities they present for sustainable regional development. Building on this analysis, the article offers specific recommendations and strategies designed to optimize environmental management practices. These recommendations are not only aimed at mitigating potential environmental impacts but also at enhancing the development of recreational areas as a pivotal element of the region's sustainable development strategy. The authors argue that such an approach is crucial for ensuring the long-term viability and resilience of the region, balancing economic growth with the preservation of its natural and social environments.

Land degradation and ecosystem imbalance remain major environmental challenges in Kazakhstan, particularly in post-technogenic and radiation-affected territories. The Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site represents a unique area for studying long-term landscape transformation and recovery. This research aims to evaluate land degradation and surface moisture variability between 2019 and 2025 using Sentinel-2 remote sensing data. The methodology integrates the calculation of key spectral indices - SWIR, NDWI, NDVI, and MSI - to assess vegetation dynamics, moisture content, and surface dryness. Results indicate a noticeable increase in NDVI and NDWI and a decrease in MSI and SWIR, confirming the improvement of soil moisture and vegetation recovery, along with a reduction in aridity. The area of moist and vegetated lands expanded by approximately 20 - 25 %, demonstrating active natural renaturation processes. The study highlights the effectiveness of Sentinel-2 multispectral monitoring for ecological rehabilitation assessment in post-technogenic regions of Kazakhstan. The findings contribute to sustainable land management and environmental monitoring in arid landscapes.

The importance of the impact of emerging ecologic-geomorphological situations in areas of active mining development of Kazakhstan on the life of the population is difficult to overestimate in conditions of a dry climate, water scarcity and the use of outdated technologies for the extraction of solid minerals. This article examines the ecologic-geomorphological situations of mining areas of arid platform-denudation plains of Kazakhstan and gives their characteristics, which is based on an analysis of the leading natural and anthropogenically caused geodynamic processes, their spatial coverage, ratios and comparative assessment as an indicator of geomorphological risk within selected morphogenetic types of relief.