As the global economic landscape rapidly advances and people's quality of life continues to improve, there is a noticeable increase in the demand for various sports, including basketball. Athletes of diverse skill levels find physical, social, and emotional satisfaction in engaging in basketball activities. In contemporary times, the requisites for success in basketball, such as height, speed, accuracy, distance, and strength, are escalating. The frequency of body contact has also intensified, leading to heightened intensity in ball shooting among players and an inevitability of fouls in offensive and defensive interactions. This dynamic poses challenges to the seamless progression of the sport, and the existence of various foul rules adds an element of unpredictability and uncontrollability to the game of basketball. The data reveals interesting insights. In terms of dribble defense, the Chinese team committed 16 fouls, whereas their opponents committed 33 fouls. However, in the context of shooting defense, the Chinese team had a higher foul count compared to their opponents. Conversely, when it came to defending the ball, the Chinese team committed fewer fouls than their opponents. In the category of preventing the ball, the Chinese team had 16 fouls compared to the opponent team's 12 fouls. Overall, the Chinese team demonstrated fewer fouls than their opponents in the realm of defense. The data underscores a potential highlight the specific factors influencing foul occurrences in different defensive scenarios. The study introduces a machine vision approach, which outperformed existing methods in classifying actions as fouls or not. This innovative application showcases the effectiveness of advanced technology in addressing the challenges associated with fouls in basketball, offering a promising avenue for further research and practical implementation. The comprehensive experimental results suggest that the machine vision approach outperformed existing methods in classifying actions as fouls or not, showcasing its effectiveness in addressing the challenge of fouls in basketball.

Objectives. This study aimed to examine the developmental status of fundamental movement skills, social emotional development, and physical activity in Chinese children aged 7 to 10. Using the Kids’ Athletics intervention, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was applied to analyze their developmental trajectories. Materials and methods. The study was conducted between April and June 2024, and involved 305 primary school students. The Children’s Fundamental Movement Skills Test, the Physical Activity Level Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (ages 7-18), and the Student Social Emotional Competence Questionnaire were used to perform this study. SEM was applied to explore relationships among these developmental domains. Results. In post-intervention period, significant improvements were noted in fundamental movement skills, social emotional competence, and physical activity levels (all p < 0.05). The experimental group outperformed the control group in most metrics, except balance beam walking and the others’ perception dimension (p < 0.05). The structural model indicated an adequate fit, with path correlation analysis revealing a significant negative correlation between fundamental movement skills and social emotional development (r = -0.33, p < 0.001) and physical activity (r = -0.24, p < 0.001). Furthermore, social emotional development showed a positive correlation with physical activity (r = 0.19, p = 0.001) and a negative correlation with sedentary behavior (r = -0.17, p = 0.005). No significant correlations were observed between fundamental movement skills and sedentary behavior, or between different levels of physical activity. Conclusions. The findings suggest that improved fundamental movement skills contribute to enhancingsocial emotional development and increasing physical activity while reducing sedentary behavior. This study provides a valuable framework for promoting physical literacy and optimizing physical education practices.

Background "324C+1D” movements are key techniques and winning factors in Wushu competitions. It is necessary for scientific training to analyze the kinematic characteristics of “324C+1D” by using the method of sports biomechanics. Methods In this study, 3D high-speed camera and 3D motion analysis software were used to study “324C+1D” completed by three Chinese wushu first-level athletes, and the kinematic characteristics of this movement were obtained. Results The run-up speed of completing the “324C+1D” is not high; The lift Angle of the center of gravity is close to 90°. The vertical height of the center of gravity is significantly higher than the vertical height of the center of gravity when landing, and the vertical moving distance of the center of gravity in the lifting stage is significantly less than the vertical moving distance of the center of gravity in the descending stage. The vertical height of the center of gravity at departure is significantly higher than that at landing. Conclusions In the take-off stage, increase the twisting Angle of shoulders and hips, speed up the swing arm speed and squat speed of the center of gravity in the vertical direction, and shorten the take-off time. Increase the vertical speed of the center of gravity before the patting foot and the vertical moving distance between the center of gravity lifting stage and the descending stage, extend the air time, accelerate the swing speed of the right leg, move the foot patting time forward to the rapid rising stage of the center of gravity lifting, accelerate the rotational angular speed of the shoulder shaft in the air stage and improve the strength of the leg, which is conducive to the athletes to complete the movement.

Background. Sports health and the future of preschool children are urgent problems. However, a comprehensive and scientific evaluation index system (EIS) for assessing their sports health is lacking. Objectives. The study aimed to elaborate an EIS for preschool children’s motor health based on interdisciplinary subjects to solve the growth dilemma faced by children during their development. Materials and methods. Sixteen interdisciplinary experts who have been engaged in sports and health education for more than 15 years participated in a Delphi study. They used a 5-point Likert scale twice to assess the importance of preset indicators and provided feedback to modify and allocate items to the EIS. Results. After two rounds of expert consultation, a consensus was reached on the EIS, which included 6 primary and 26 secondary indicators. The coefficients for experts’ familiarity (As), judgment (Ai), and authority (Aa) were all >0.7. The coefficients for opinion coordination (ω) were >0.7. The arithmetic mean (Mean) of the recognition and operability scores was ≧4, and the coefficients of variation (CV) were all 0.75). Conclusions. Accurate, reliable and scientific data were collected to develop an EIS in order to address the challenges of assessing children’s motor health. The findings can serve as a reference for future instruction on preschoolers’ motor health.

Introduction: Sport-specific training may shape the neuromuscular strategies used in fundamental movements such as the push-up. Objective: To compare the kinematic, kinetic, and electromyographic characteristics of push-ups among athletes from gymnastics, swimming, track and field, and basketball. Methodology: Eighty male university athletes performed standardized push-ups while motion capture, dual force platforms, and surface EMG recorded movement, force, and muscle activity. Data were analyzed using MANOVA and correlation analyses (α = 0.05). Results: Gymnasts showed superior trunk stability and high co-activation; swimmers exhibited greater shoulder mobility but reduced core stability; and sprinters and basketball players demonstrated higher force development rates and faster concentric tempos. Discussion: Distinct biomechanical “signatures” reflected sport-specific neuromuscular adaptations. Conclusion: Push-up execution reveals underlying specialization-driven motor control strategies, offering valuable applications for individualized training, performance analysis, and injury prevention.