Tackling foreign debt that arises as a result of limited and ineffective use of resources is an item that remains on the agenda particularly for developing countries. In this study, we examine the foreign debt debates to date in terms of economic growth and using the time series for the period 2003Q1 to 2017Q1. We used unit root tests to determine the maximum integration degree of series, and we conducted causality analysis. We found a causality relationship between net foreign debt stock and economic growth in causality analyses performed for Turkey. The empirical results of this study indicate that there is a causality relationship, including both positive and negative aspects, between net foreign debt stock and economic growth. The results of our testing showed a significant causal relationship between the variables.

Küreselleşmenin sonuçlarından biri, finansal olarak ülkeler arasındaki ilişkilerin genişlemesi ve işlem hacminin artmasıdır. Global finansal rekabete ayak uydurmak isteyen ülkeler, mali konularla ilgili yenilikleri takip etmeli ve bu yenilikleri ekonomilerine adapte etmelidirler. Dayanıklı finansal sistemlerin varlığı bu sistemleri yeterli düzeyde tanıma ve anlama sürecinin iyi işlemesine bağlıdır. Finansal konular yalnızca politika yapıcıları ya da ekonomistlerin değil hanehalklarının da duyarlı olması gereken bir alandır. Sürdürülebilir iktisadi büyüme yakalayan ülkelerin önemli özelliklerinden biri yurtiçi tasarruf oranlarının yüksek olmasıdır. Tasarrufun parayı tanıma ve yönetme becerileriyle ilişkili olduğu bilinmektedir. Tasarrufların arttırılmasının finansal okuryazarlıkla ilgili olduğu görülmektedir. Hanehalkı kaynaklı tasarrufların arttırılması Türkiye’de tasarruf bilinci ve tasarruf yöntemlerini gündeme getirmektedir. Bu noktadan hareketle, çalışmada Türkiye’de tasarruf ve finansal okuryazarlık düzeyini ölçmek amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada Atatürk Üniversitesi Açıköğretim Fakültesi öğrencilerine online anket metoduyla sorular yöneltilmiştir. Böylelikle Türkiye’de tasarruf eğilimi, finansal okuryazarlık düzeyi, finansal okuryazarlık bilincinin tasarruf davranışı üzerindeki etkisi araştırılmıştır. Sonuçlar katılımcıların %68,5’inin tasarruf yaptığını göstermektedir. Öte yandan katılımcıların %59,6’si finansal okuryazarlık kavramını bilmediğini ifade etmiştir. Türkiye’de finansal okuryazarlık kavramının bilinmediği ancak temel düzeyde finansal konularda bilgi sahibi olunduğu söylenebilir.

The study aims to analyze the impact of export diversification on CO2 emissions over the period of 1990–2015 in Poland by ARDL bounds test approach. For the export diversification, three variables were used: export product diversification, export margin and import margin. A cointegration relationship was determined for all models in the study. Export product diversification and import margin long-run coefficients were found to be statistically significant and positive. This means that export diversification increases environmental degradation. GDP and economic complexity are additional factors that negatively impact the environment. In contrast, urbanization reduces CO2 emissions. Based on the empirical results, this paper recommends innovative solutions and regulations for eco-friendly industrial manufacturing. European Union environmental policies should be strictly adopted by the member countries in order to reduce emissions.

In this study, for the 2012M1-2020M1 period, the relationship between Poland’s real effective exchange rate and its food and animal exports were examined by the bounds test. The stationary analyses of variables were examined by the ADF and PP tests. According to the results of a cointegration test, a cointegration relation among the real effective exchange rate, food and live animal exports, as well as industrial production was determined. It was also concluded that the real effective exchange rate has a long-term negative impact on Poland's food and live animal exports. This research also established that a 1% increase in the real effective exchange rate in the long-term would decrease Poland's food and animal exports by 3.091%. Also, industrial production has a positive impact on Poland’s food and animal exports, as expected. It was determined that a 1% increase in industrial production would increase Poland’s food and animal exports by 2.803%. On the other hand, the error correction term coefficient was found to be -0.119, indicating that 11% of the imbalance in the short-term will be recovered in the next period.

This study investigates the long-run relationship between forest footprint, which shows the amount of forest area needed for pulp, industrial wood, firewood and timber, and forest products as an environmental indicator. Forest footprint, forest product exports, forest product production, forest areas, biomass consumption, and urbanization variables are used in the analyses with annual data for the period 2000–2017 for selected European Union (EU) countries. As a result of the cointegration analyses, there is a long-run relationship between the variables. According to the results of coefficient estimation, it is concluded that forest product exports and urbanization have a decreasing effect on forest ecological footprint, while forest area, forest product production, and biomass consumption have an increasing effect. According to the Method of Moments Quantile Regression (MMQR) estimation results, it is concluded that forest product exports have a decreasing effect on forest footprint in all quantiles in the analysis period. The production of forest products is determined as the variable with the highest negative impact on the forest’s ecological footprint. The effect of urbanization is calculated as positive, but it is the variable with the lowest impact together with forest area. Biomass consumption is found to significantly reduce the forest footprint. In view of the aforementioned findings, it is recommended that efforts be made to promote high-value added, sustainable, and environmentally friendly production processes in forest products exports. This is considered to be a key strategy to reducing the ecological footprint of forests.

This study examines the socioeconomic determinants of agricultural CO ₂ emissions in the 10 highest‐emitting agricultural economies from 1992 to 2022. Using the LM bootstrap cointegration method and the method of moments quantile regression (MMQR), the analysis identifies long‐run relationships and heterogeneous effects across the emissions distribution. The results indicate that agricultural energy use is the most significant driver of CO ₂ emissions, with its impact intensifying at higher quantiles, where environmental pressures are more severe. Agricultural value added also increases emissions, showing that productivity gains in these economies remain carbon‐intensive. Additionally, agricultural trade openness and rural population size contribute positively to emissions, reflecting structural constraints in agricultural production systems. These findings directly relate to several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 2 (zero hunger) through the need for resilient and low‐carbon food systems, SDG 7 (affordable and clean energy) via the transition to renewable energy use in agriculture, SDG 12 (responsible consumption and production) through improved resource efficiency, and SDG 13 (climate action) by highlighting the urgency of reducing agricultural emissions. The quantile results indicate the need for stricter renewable energy mandates in high‐emission groups, efficiency‐focused technology support in middle groups, and targeted measures to ease trade and population‐driven pressures in lower groups. The findings indicate that improving energy efficiency in agricultural production and implementing environmentally aligned trade regulations can deliver measurable reductions in sectoral carbon intensity, directly supporting SDG 13 while maintaining productivity gains consistent with SDG 2 objectives.