Globally, cancer is one of the deadliest diseases, needing a meticulous diagnosis and targeted treatment plan to achieve an initial prognosis, followed by precision and optimization in treatment. Nonselective targeting, difficulty in accurately monitoring treatment end-results, serious drug side-effects, and severity of disease resulting in metastasis are the key flaws of traditional techniques. Nanotechnology and nanoparticles possess special features to completely transform the field of diagnosis and treatment of cancer. A holistic strategy that employs a dual function of diagnosis and therapy while utilizing a nanocarrier is referred to as a nanotheranostic. The nanotheranostic framework was created to surmount a variety of biological and physiological obstacles, effectively delivering the cargo to the intended target location, while simultaneously facilitating therapeutic intervention, surveillance, and validation to demonstrate improved treatment effectiveness. As a result, a nanotheranostic platform can be useful for targeted drug delivery, release, and distribution assessment, in addition to patient classification and survival. Nanotheranostic techniques also lead to reduced drug side-effects compared with conventional therapies. In this review, we outline current studies on nanotheranostics and their advantages over conventional treatment strategies, the applications and challenges/limitations of nanotheranostics, and the mechanisms of targeting in breast and prostate cancers.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Targets 12.4 and 3.9 aim to reduce deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and to achieve environmentally friendly management of chemical and wastes. Electronic wastes, which contain hazardous chemicals, are rapidly generated in poor countries due to demand for affordable near-end-of-life internet-enabled gadgets that soon wear out and are improperly disposed due to ignorance, throw-away mentality and dearth of waste management infrastructure. This study identified hazardous chemicals contained in significant quantities in e-waste items, described their public health challenges and suggested mitigation measures. Results showed that mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), cadmium, lead and beryllium oxide were hazardous chemicals contained in significant quantities in e-waste items. The study recommended the formulation of appropriate environmental health education technology policy (AEHETP) to guide stakeholders to design education, preventive, therapeutic and decontamination plans for awareness creation and raising to address the toxic effects of e-waste items on users in poor countries.

This extensive study delves into the many facets of Annona senegalensis, a plant species that has been well-respected in traditional African medicine and is now gaining attention in modern pharmacology. The review takes a methodical look at four main areas: pharmacological characteristics, phytochemical profile, geographical distribution and ecological environment, and ethnomedical uses. The medicinal properties of Annona senegalensis have earned it a place of adoration in many African traditions. According to historical records, it was used to cure a wide variety of illnesses, including fevers, skin problems, gastrointestinal problems, and malaria. The tapestry of indigenous medicine and culture highlights the plant's centrality to traditional healing practices. The assessment emphasises the plant's widespread presence throughout many African biomes, demonstrating its capacity to adapt to different ecological circumstances, in terms of dispersion. This review also examines the environmental conditions important for its growth, providing a better knowledge of its ecological niche and possible vulnerabilities in the face of environmental changes. The phytochemical examination of A. senegalensis reveals a broad array of bioactive chemicals, including but not limited to alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and terpenes. These elements are painstakingly connected with their unique therapeutic potentials, revealing insights into the metabolic underpinnings of the plant's medicinal characteristics. Finally, the review synthesizes a range of pharmacological research that evaluate the effectiveness of A. senegalensis in diverse medicinal applications. Notable results include its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiparasitic, and anticancer effects, which are critically studied in light of modern scientific methodology and therapeutic significance. This review not only articulates the historic and contemporary relevance of the plant but also acts as a springboard for future research initiatives. It underlines the need for greater study into its latent potential, notably in drug discovery and development, while also increasing awareness about the protection of this unique species in its native environment

Diabetes mellitus is a worldwide epidemic that has serious consequences for public health. This in-depth analysis of Vernonia amygdalina, or Bitter Leaf, aims to shed light on the plant's potential anti-diabetic properties by discussing its botanical description, chemical composition, traditional uses, and mechanisms of action, scientific findings, safety concerns, and implications for future study. Vernonia amygdalina, a plant native to various nations in Africa, has gained popularity as a possible treatment for diabetes. Bitter leaf's traditional function in reducing diabetes-related complications is also highlighted, and the review goes deeply into the plant's rich historical and cultural context. The possible anti-diabetic properties of Bitter leaf are discussed, along with the processes that may be at play. These include the effect on insulin sensitivity, glucose homeostasis, and pancreatic beta cell activity. Improving glycemic control and insulin resistance is only two of the positive effects seen in clinical trials and research investigations. There is also discussion of precautions to take, including details on how this treatment could interact with standard drugs. The review continues by stressing the need for more study to fill up the gaps in our understanding and pave the path for the deliberate application of Vernonia amygdalina as an adjunctive method of diabetes care. This analysis of Bitter leaf's diabetes-fighting properties adds to the increasing body of information around diabetes natural treatments, opening up new lines of inquiry and possible therapeutic applications in the field.

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