Collision is one of the main causes of mechanical damage to the seedling during transplanting. To reveal the impact damage characteristics of plug seedlings, the kinetics equations of seedling collision were established based on Hertz’s contact theory, and the kinematic characteristics, elastoplastic deformation, and collision damage during seedling collision were analyzed using high-speed photography. Using the Tekscan pressure distribution measurement system, the significant levels of various factors that affect impact peak force (IPF) and damage of seedling pot (DSP) were studied, the change rule of contact pressure distribution of seedlings under significant factors was measured, and a regression model between IPF and DSP was established. The results showed that collision material, drop height and seedling pot size had significant effects on IPF and DSP. The contact pressure area of different collision materials from large to small was soil block, steel, and ABS plastic. The contact pressure area of seedlings of different pot sizes was big, medium, and small in descending order. At a dropping height of 50~350 mm, a contact pressure > 10 kPa accounted for the major contact pressure area, which is the main reason for collision damage of the seedling pot. Linear regression models between IPF and DSP under different factors were established, and the determination coefficients (R²) were 0.98 and 0.94, respectively. The results provided a theoretical basis for understanding the collision damage mechanism of the plug seedling and how to reduce damage during transplanting.

There is a significant difference between the simulation effect and the actual effect in the design process of maize straw-breaking equipment due to the lack of accurate simulation model parameters in the breaking and processing of maize straw. This article used a combination of physical experiments, virtual simulation, and machine learning to calibrate the simulation parameters of maize straw. A bimodal-distribution discrete element model of maize straw was established based on the intrinsic and contact parameters measured via physical experiments. The significance analysis of the simulation parameters was conducted via the Plackett–Burman experiment. The Poisson ratio, shear modulus, and normal stiffness of the maize straw significantly impacted the peak compression force of the maize straw and steel plate. The steepest-climb test was carried out for the significance parameter, and the relative error between the peak compression force in the simulation test and the peak compression force in the physical test was used as the evaluation index. It was found that the optimal range intervals for the Poisson ratio, shear modulus, and normal stiffness of the maize straw were 0.32–0.36, 1.24 × 10⁸–1.72 × 10⁸ Pa, and 5.9 × 10⁶–6.7 × 10⁶ N/m³, respectively. Using the experimental data of the central composite design as the dataset, a GA–BP neural network prediction model for the peak compression force of maize straw was established, analyzed, and evaluated. The GA–BP prediction model’s accuracy was verified via experiments. It was found that the ideal combination of parameters was a Poisson ratio of 0.357, a shear modulus of 1.511 × 10⁸ Pa, and a normal stiffness of 6.285 × 10⁶ N/m³ for the maize straw. The results provide a basis for analyzing the damage mechanism of maize straw during the grinding process.

To improve the accuracy of simulation parameters used in discrete element simulation tests for the transplanting operation of the transplanting machine and to facilitate further optimization of crucial components of the transplanting machine, in this paper, the discrete element model of 50-hole plug seedling pots was calibrated and optimized based on the collision impact force between the plug seedling pot and the steel plate measured by a flexible film network tactile pressure sensor. Basic tests determined the contact parameters of the pot, and the initial parameters were screened for significance using the Plackett–Burman test. The pot-steel static friction coefficient, the pot-pot collision restitution coefficient, and the bond radius significantly affected the simulated collision impact force between the pot and the steel plate. According to the relative error value of the impact force between the pot and the steel plate as the evaluation index, the steepest climbing test was carried out on three significant parameters to optimize their value range. Based on the Box–Behnken test, a second-order regression model of the impact force and significant parameters regulating the interaction between the pot and the steel plate was established, where the target impact force between the pot and the steel plate was 11.78 N. The optimal parameter combination is obtained by optimizing the significance parameters: the static friction coefficient between the pot and steel is 0.790, the collision restitution coefficient between the pot and the pot is 0.325, and the bond radius is 1.542 mm. The test results show that the relative error between the actual and simulation tests is only 0.084%. The calibrated parameters of the discrete element model of plug seedling pots are accurate and reliable. The research results presented here can provide a reference for the subsequent transplanting operation simulation of the transplanter.

This study provides a basis for designing and optimizing the key components of hanging-cup transplanters. The discrete element method, a high-speed photography test, and indoor soil bin tests were used to explore soil disturbance behavior during the hole drilling process. A comparative analysis of the discrete element method and the high-speed photography test indicated that soil particles are mainly affected by the coupled effects of the shear force and the squeezing force of the planter. The soil disturbance range in the horizontal and longitudinal sections gradually increases with the movement of the planter. The change in the soil particle velocity of the horizontal and longitudinal sections in different zones shows a trend of first increasing, then decreasing, and finally stabilizing. The velocity of soil particles in the longitudinal section varies significantly in the direction of burial. The soil in the horizontal section mainly moves to both sides when the duckbill is opened. The closer the soil particles are to the outer wall of the duckbill, the greater the change in velocity is. The soil bin tests and simulations were carried out under different conditions, but the change trend of the simulation results is consistent with the soil bin test results, proving that the simulation model is reliable. With the forward speed of the transplanter, planting depth, and soil compactness as the test factors, and the hole depth and hole longitudinal length as the response values, an orthogonal test of three factors and three levels was designed. A regression model between each element and response value was established. The optimal parameter combination was obtained when the forward speed was 1.25 km/h, the planting depth was 80 mm, and the soil firmness was 140~150 (N/cm²); these results were experimentally verified.

Currently, the simulation parameters for the model of the interaction between the transplanter, the plug seedlings, the soil, and the pot damage mechanism still need to be clarified. The optimization design of the planters and the improvement of planting quality are still urgent issues that need to be solved. In this paper, the simulation parameters of the pot and the soil were calibrated based on the pressure distribution measurement technology. With the actual collision impact force and matrix loss rate as the targets, a four-factor, three-level orthogonal test was designed to obtain the optimal parameters. Through the optimization analysis of the experimental results, it could be concluded that the pot–soil restitution coefficient, the pot–soil static friction coefficient, the pot–soil rolling friction coefficient, and the surface energy were 0.31, 0.88, 0.35, and 1.07 J/m², respectively. The experimental verification of the optimal parameter combination showed that the relative error of the collision impact force was 1.65% and that the relative error of the matrix loss rate was 2.32%, which verified the model’s reliability. Based on the optimal parameters, the movement law of the hole tray seedlings was studied at different positions during the transplanting process. The plug seedlings collided not only with the planter but also with the soil, which led to the breakage and looseness of the pot structure. The relative error between the matrix loss rate of the transplanter inserting soil, the matrix loss rate of the transplanter that did not enter the soil, and the simulated matrix loss rate was less than 10%, which further proved the accuracy of the simulation model.

To reveal the collision damage mechanisms of plug seedlings and improve the quality of seedlings, the kinetics equations of the plug seedlings were established based on the generalized Hertz-theory. The influence laws of different factors on pot damage were obtained through a drop impact test. The Tekscan pressure distribution measurement system measured the collision impact force, and the orthogonal tests were conducted. The test showed that the influence of the collision impact force was on the order of plug specification > drop height > contact material. The Tekscan pressure distribution measurement system measured the change law of contact stress distribution under significant influencing factors. The test results showed that the collision contact area between the plug seedlings and contact materials from large to small was soil, steel, and ABS plastic. The collision contact area between the plug seedlings and other plug specifications was 50 plug, 72 plug, and 105 plug from the largest to the smallest. When the plug seedlings collided with contact materials, the average contact stress between the seedlings and the steel plate ranged from 19.4 kPa to 22.8 kPa. When the plug seedlings of various sizes collided with steel plates, the average contact stress was ordered as 105 plug, 72 plug and 50 plug in descending order. A linear regression model between collision impact force and matrix loss rate under different factors was established based on the pressure data collected by the Tekscan pressure distribution measurement system. This study provides a basis for exploring the impact damage mechanisms of plug seedlings and improving the seedling quality.