Descripción de características de personalidad y dimensiones socioculturales en jóvenes mexicanos

Background: This research determines the level of prediction of sensation seeking and self-efficacy on sexual risk behaviors in young Mexicans. The sensations seeking and self-efficacy have a combined impact on the risk sexual behaviors of young people. Method: The sensation seeking and selwef-efficacy were measured with two different scales in a non-probabilistic sample of 1012 young people, between 14 and 22 years old, from Mexico City. Results: showed that three facets of the sensation seeking and two dimensions of self-efficacy have a direct incidence in the sexual risk behavior of young people consistent with the postulated hypothesis and that in combination explain 19.2% of the variance. Conclusions: consider the combined effect of the search for sensation seeking and self-efficacy, as well as the practical implications for the development of preventive programs on sexual risk behavior in young people.

Stress is a condition that has been related to the development of risk behaviors for health such as sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) consumption. The aim of this study was to examine the link between SSBs consumption and perceived stress level in university students. This was an observational, cross-sectional and single-time-point study where the subjects were recruited as a non-probabilistic sample of first-year university students. The students reported their SSBs consumption through a validated questionnaire, as well as their perceived stress level, evaluated through the Cohen scale. Comparisons were made between the means of all variables. Factorial analysis of variance was conducted to explore the effect of the variables’ interaction on the stress level. One-way analysis of variance was performed to assess differences between the sexes. Men consumed more SSBs (6101.17 ± 3772.50 mL/week) compared to women (4294.06 ± 3093.8 mL/week). However, women had higher scores of perceived stress and showed a strong association of stress with the SSBs consumption pattern (r and p-value). This study shows for the first time the association that exists between stress and SSBs consumption and indicates that it is related to sex in the young population.

Objetivo: comparar los niveles de negociación sexual y autoeficacia en el uso del condón masculino en hombres y mujeres. Materiales y métodos: estudio transversal de tipo comparativo en el que se incluyeron estudiantes de licenciatura de una universidad privada de la ciudad de Querétaro, México, durante el año 2018. Muestreo no probabilístico. Se midieron: características sociodemográficas, conductas sexuales de riesgo, habilidades de negociación y autoeficacia sexual para uso de condón. Se compararon los grupos mediante la prueba U de Mann Whitney y el análisis de varianza no paramétrico (Kruskal-Wallis). Resultados: ingresaron 270 estudiantes, el 89,6 % de los universitarios tiene vida sexual activa, la edad promedio de inicio de vida sexual es a los 15,41 años; el promedio de parejas sexuales reportado es de 4,2. El 27,8 % ha usado condón en cada relación sexual. Se encontraron diferencias entre hombres y mujeres en los estilos de negociación sexual en los dominios de evitación (p = 0,04) y acomodación (p < 0,00), con puntajes más altos para los hombres en comparación con las mujeres. Respecto a la autoeficacia en el uso del condón, las mujeres son quienes puntúan más alto (p < 0,001). Conclusiones: los jóvenes universitarios entrevistados tienen conductas sexuales de riesgo. Se requiere fortalecer las políticas públicas que faciliten la prevención de la conducta sexual de riesgo dirigidas a la población estudiantil. Es necesario realizar más estudios sobre intervenciones que fortalezcan las habilidades de negociación y la autoeficacia sexual en adolescentes.

INTRODUCCIÓN La teoría del aprendizaje social o social cognitiva (1-3), incluye un constructo teórico que se utiliza frecuentemente dentro de los modelos de cambio conductual nombrado autoeficacia, que se define como la capacidad personal del individuo de controlar su propia conducta cognitivamente, la convicción que se tiene (o no) sobre la viabilidad de que la conducta que se va a ejecutar logrará expresarse exitosamente en la situación o contexto que ha sido requerida. Esto le permite al individuo actuar o producir un resultado eficiente en una situación y/o contexto determinado (4). La noción de autoeficacia (1, 2, 4) señala que las percepciones de eficacia varían de modo significativo entre las distintas situaciones y tareas que se llevan a cabo ordinariamente. Las personas que se sienten o perciben así mismos como eficaces, poseen metas más altas y persisten más en sus propósitos que aquellos que tienen un bajo control personal ante ciertos retos o situaciones (1, 4).

Depression is one of the most common disorders worldwide, including in Mexico. Engagement coping and optimism promote mental health, so understanding the mediation of optimism between coping strategies with depression helps to identify the psychological resources that young people can use to mitigate depression. This study aims to test the direct and indirect effects of four coping strategies through three optimism factors on affective depression in a mediator path model in young people. In a cross-sectional study, 848 young Mexican people completed the evaluation instruments of the Trait Depression Inventory, Mexican Optimism Scale (MOS), and Coping Strategies (CSI-SF). Moderate mediation analysis was performed. Optimism and coping strategies significantly predict depression. Furthermore, optimism mediated the association between problem-focused engagement coping and depressive symptoms. Problem- and emotion-focused coping and optimism protect young people from depression. Likewise, young people with greater optimism use problem-focused engagement coping, which reduces depressive symptoms. Psychosocial interventions that promote positive outlook, affective resources, and hope combined with engagement coping strategies are suggested for the management of depression.