Blockchain technology makes it possible to design robust decentralized federated learning (FL). Minimizing the communication cost and storage consumption incurred is one of the essential challenges. In addition, maintaining the security and privacy of Big Data raises to be a difficult problem. Aiming to tackle these challenges, this paper presents LBFL (a Lightweight Blockchain-based FL framework) that offers three novel features. First, it employs a new committee consensus mechanism called Proof-of-Contribution, which is used to avoid the selection latency from the competition of miners and alleviate the congestion in cross-validation of parameters in an asynchronous fashion. Second, LBFL employs a role-adaptive incentive mechanism to estimate devices’ workloads and identify malicious nodes effectively. Third, to cope with the excessive storage overheads incurred in full-replication, LBFL applies a new storage partition mechanism that distributes triple redundant chunks in Reed-Solomon coding (RSC) evenly to participating devices with high fault tolerance and recovery efficiency. To evaluate LBFL, empirical studies are performed on the famous MNIST dataset and LBFL is compared with the state-of-the-art FL frameworks. The results demonstrate that LBFL can reduce evaluation latency and storage consumption by 69.2% and 72.1%, respectively, and the learning efficiency of LBFL is higher than the state-of-the-art methods. In particular, important findings are obtained: the proposed role-adaptive incentive mechanism can properly identify malicious devices and switch the roles of legitimate devices to achieve good decentralization.

Background: Sulfur has been historically used in dermatological therapy due to its broad‐spectrum antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities and demonstrates therapeutic efficacy in conditions such as scabies, tinea versicolor, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis. However, systematic analyses of the therapeutic potential and mechanisms of different forms of sulfur (e.g., sublimed and precipitated sulfur) and bioactive derivatives (e.g., hydrogen sulfide), particularly their effects on cutaneous diseases, remain underrepresented in contemporary literature.Aim: Our study aimed to provide a comprehensive evaluation of pharmacological evidence and regulatory frameworks governing sulfur and its derivatives in dermatology, elucidating their mechanisms and therapeutic potential in various skin disorders.Methods: A comprehensive PubMed search was conducted using medical terms including sulfur, sulfide, hydrogen sulfide, and dermatology. Relevant literature published between 1947 and 2025 was reviewed.Results: This article not only summarizes the indications, potential therapeutic value, and mechanisms of sulfur and its derivatives in skin disorders, but also provides, for the first time, an overview of the usage restrictions and regulations established by food and drug administrations in most regions regarding the application of sulfur and its derivatives in dermatology.Conclusions: This review highlights critical gaps in understanding the therapeutic bioactivity of sulfur and its derivatives, underscoring the need for preclinical studies to explore their translational potential as adjuvant therapies in dermatology.