The application of phosphate-solubilizing microbes (PSMs) as biofertilizers in agricultural systems has not satisfactorily solved the problem of reducing our reliance on chemical phosphorus (P) fertilizers. Ongoing efforts are continually trying to translate promising laboratory results to successful deployment under field conditions, which are typically met with failure. In this review, we summarize the state-of-the-art research on PSMs and their role in the terrestrial P cycle, including previously overlooked molecular and cellular mechanisms underpinning phosphate solubilization. PSMs capable of transforming either organic or complexed inorganic P compounds are discussed. By providing environmentally secure and environmentally friendly ways to increase the accessibility of phosphate, these bacteria effectively transform insoluble phosphate molecules into forms that plants can utilize, encouraging crop growth and increasing nutrient usage effectiveness. The use of PSMs in agriculture sustainably improves crop productivity and has enormous potential for tackling issues with global food security, reducing environmental damage, and promoting sustainable and resilient agricultural systems. Furthermore, due to resource shortages, the changing global climate and need to reduce environmental risks associated with the overuse of chemical phosphate fertilizer, PSMs have the potential to be sustainable biofertilizer alternatives in the agricultural sector. Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms constitute a cutting-edge field in agriculture and environmental science. In addition, this paper elaborates on the groups and diversity of microbes hitherto identified in phosphate solubilization. Also, factors that had hitherto hindered the reproducibility of lab results in field settings are succinctly highlighted. Furthermore, this paper outlines some biofertilizer formulations and current techniques of inoculation according to the test crop/strain. Finally, laboratory, greenhouse, and field results are presented to acquaint us with the current status of the use of PSM-based biofertilizers.

Kunu is a fermented non-alcoholic beverage consumed all over Nigeria. The drink is served as an alternative to alcohol due to its perceived extreme nourishing and therapeutic properties. Varieties of this beverage are determined mostly by the type of grain, the supplements, sensory additives used, and the process employed during its production. Dietary quality is paramount in nutritional well-being and a key factor in human overall health development. The nutritional quality of grains utilised for Kunu production makes the drink more appealing to a large growing population when compared to some other drinks. Some use Kunu drink as an infant weaning drink, thus serving as a priming beverage for infants due to its rich probiotic and nutritional properties. However, this beverage’s short shelf-life has limited its production scale. This review therefore elaborates succinctly on the diverse therapeutic nutritional properties of the Kunu beverage and the effect of additives and fermentation on the microbial dynamics during Kunu production, as well as the prospect of Kunu in diet diversification and priming for weaning infants.

The universal need for sustainable and renewable energy sources has accelerated the shift towards bioenergy as a valuable option to fossil fuels. However, a significant challenge remains in the underutilisation of biomass resources and the environmental pollution caused by improper biomass disposal methods. Biochar, a by-product of biomass pyrolysis rich with carbon, serves as a means to convert underused biomass into valuable energy and a tool for environmental remediation. Biochar can be integrated into a biorefinery for improved bioelectricity and biogas production, but there are challenges with regard to its production scalability, quality control, and standardisation. This article provides a comprehensive review of the prospective processes useful in the valorisation of biomass into biochar for bioenergy, co-firing potential with fossil fuels, and in waste biomass transformation. This article also provides insight into business development and policy-making by bioentrepreneurs, bioengineers, and the government, as it identifies grey opportunities for bioenergy production and improvement. The prospect of AI technology in improving the production, quality, and yield of biochar, by identifying the most efficient parameters and conditions, as well as optimising the application of biochar in various industries, is also highlighted. The transition to biofuels in aviation, a step towards a future in the industry that is more sustainable, is also suggested in this review.