This study presents a vulnerability assessment methodology that was developed to analyze the Croatian Eastern Adriatic Coast (CEAC), which has extremely complex geomorphology. Local coastal retreat, slope instability phenomena, and the influence of marine erosion play a significant role in coastal geohazards in the southeastern coastal area of the Krk Island (Kvarner area, northeastern channel part of the Adriatic Sea). Recent studies emphasize the need to develop an adequate methodology to monitor its evolution and define adequate risk management strategies. The vulnerability analysis was performed on the basis of the available data, taking into account local geological and oceanographic conditions. The coastal vulnerability analysis of the CEAC presents an adaptation of the existing methodology, emphasizing the significance of the geological factor, and providing novel elements of the parameter analysis (i.e., coastal slope, beach width, and significant wave height). This methodology was adapted and improved for the local rocky coast, but can be used on other complex rocky coasts worldwide. The calculated Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) around the Stara Baška settlement should be considered to have priority over the vulnerable areas in further monitoring and investigations.

The coastal area around the settlement of Stara Baška (Krk Island, NE channel zone of Adriatic Sea) is in a delicate geodynamic balance. The main causes are the geological structure, hydrological and hydrogeological conditions and the direct exposure of the coast to the waves and storm surges. In this paper, the effects of the expected sea level rise on the geological vulnerability of the coast are investigated. Detailed field research was conducted. The complex coastal morphology was surveyed using an Uncrewed Aerial Vehicle (UAV), and the UAV-derived data was used as a 3D point cloud and orthophoto for analysis. In the investigated coastal zone, more resistant Quaternary talus breccias predominate over more susceptible flysch rock mass. One major and two smaller landslides are in a creeping condition and pose a hazard to the surrounding homes. During storm surges, the pocket beaches are completely inundated due to the narrow beach width and waves reach the toe of the slopes. According to the expected sea level rise, coastal processes could become more intense and threaten the current coastal equilibrium. The vulnerability of a large part of the Stara Baška settlement will increase significantly. The conducted research showed the advantages of UAV-derived data for the study of complex rocky coasts and emphasized the need for repeatable UAV surveys.

The limitations of the classical wavemaker theory motivated the development of a new equation that can directly predict both regular and broken waves based on the flap-type wavemaker setup. This is achieved first by coupling a commonly accepted wave breaking formula with the linear wavemaker equation. Both these equations were then rewritten in terms of the paddle stroke, water depth, and frequency instead of the wave number. Additionally, the validity range for each equation was explicitly defined to predict the maximum wave height before breaking. Comparison with both classical wavemaker theory and measurements confirms the reliability and accuracy of the proposed equation.