The segmentation of the liver is a difficult process due to the changes in shape, border, and density that occur in each section in computed tomography (CT) images. In this study, the Adding Inception Module-Unet (AIM-Unet) model, which is a hybridization of convolutional neural networks-based Unet and Inception models, is proposed for computer-assisted automatic segmentation of the liver and liver tumors from CT scans of the abdomen. Experimental studies were carried out on four different liver CT image datasets, one of which was prepared for this study and three of which were open (CHAOS, LIST, and 3DIRCADb). The results obtained using the proposed method and the segmentation results marked by the specialist were compared with the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), Jaccard similarity coefficient (JSC), and accuracy (ACC) measurement parameters. In this study, we obtained the best DSC, JSC, and ACC liver segmentation performance metrics on the CHAOS dataset as 97.86%, 96.10%, and 99.75%, respectively, of the AIM-Unet model we propose, which is trained separately on three datasets (LiST, CHAOS, and our dataset) containing liver images. Additionally, 75.6% and 65.5% of the DSC tumor segmentation metrics were calculated on the proposed model LiST and 3DIRCADb datasets, respectively. In addition, the segmentation success results on the datasets with the AIM-Unet model were compared with the previous studies. With these results, it has been seen that the method proposed in this study can be used as an auxiliary tool in the decision-making processes of physicians for liver segmentation and detection of liver tumors. This study is useful for medical images, and the developed model can be easily developed for applications in different organs and other medical fields.

The radiation dosage that a patient's lenses get during C-arm scopy for cranial angiography applications is examined in this study. The Alderson Rando Phantom (ART) and TLD-100 thermoluminescent dosimeters are used in the study to mimic and quantify radiation exposure. To evaluate the effect on the lenses, several exposure durations (0.5-1-2-4-8 minutes) are used in the experiment. The outer tissue of the right lens was exposed to larger radiation doses over time, according to the data. The significance of regulated radiation application in medical processes is emphasized by mathematical models that show a high link between dosage and time. The study advances medical practices and procedures by offering insightful information on how to optimize radiation exposure for patient safety during scopy imaging.

This study examines the radiation dose levels to which the kidney is exposed during kidney stone fragmentation procedures that utilize scopy imaging. The assessment was conducted using the Alderson Rando phantom and Thermoluminescent Dosimeter (TLD). The study examined various exposure parameters and measured the radiation dose to the kidney over time. The results suggest a direct correlation between exposure duration and radiation dose, emphasizing the need to monitor radiation levels during fluoroscopic interventions, especially due to the kidneys' sensitivity to radiation. Future research should concentrate on optimizing scopy settings to minimize radiation exposure while ensuring diagnostic accuracy and patient safety.

En tr Objective: A survey study was conducted to evaluate the aware-ness of the health personnel working in the radiation environment on radiation. The technicians working in the departments of radio-therapy and radiology and the students studying in this department were included in the survey. The aim of this study was to compare the results of the two groups. Material and Method: This study was evaluated according to department, experience and educational status. In the evaluation of the study data, whether there is any difference between the descrip-tive statistical methods (frequency, percentage) and the comparison of data with occupation, experience and education levels, the chi-square tests were used.SPSS 22.0 program was used in the analy-sis of the data obtained and the value of P value below 0.05 was evaluated as statistically significant results. Results: According to the results of the survey; technicians statis-tically gave more accurate answers than students. This can be explained by the higher quality of the education they received. Besides, it is seen that the level of knowledge of technicians in-creased with experience but basic knowledge could not be re-placed. Conclusion: Personnel working in radiation environments need to be informed about radiation safety. Periodic renewal of knowledge will be beneficial. Moreover, it is seen that the personnel working with radiation should update their professional knowledge from time to time by participating in vocational awareness training, seminars and congresses. Amaç: Radyasyonlu ortamda çalışan sağlık personelinin radyas-yon konusundaki bilincini değerlendirmek için bir anket çalışması yapılmıştır. Ankete Radyoterapi ve Radyoloji bölümlerinde çalışan Teknikerler ile bu bölümde okuyan öğrencilerin katılımı sağlanmış-tır. Bu iki grup için elde edilen anket sonuçlarının karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Materyal ve Metot: Bu çalışma, bölüm, deneyim ve eğitim duru-muna göre değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma verileri değerlendirilirken tanımlayıcı istatistiksel metotların ( frekans, yüzde) yanı sıra verile-rin meslek, tecrübe ve eğitim düzeyleri ile karşılaştırılmasında fark bulunup bulunmadığı ki-kare testleri kullanılarak araştırılmıştır. Elde edilen verilerin analizinde SPSS 22.0 programı kullanılmış ve P değerinin 0.05’in altında olduğu durum istatiksel anlamlı sonuç-lar olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: Anket sonuçlarına göre; Teknikerler, öğrencilerden istatistiksel anlamda daha çok doğru yanıt vermişlerdir. Bu durum aldıkları eğitimin daha kaliteli olması ile açıklanabilir. Bunun ya-nında, teknikerlerin bilgi düzeylerinin tecrübe ile arttığı ancak temel bilgilerin yerinin doldurulamadığı görülmektedir. Sonuç: Hizmet içi ve hizmet dışı olarak radyasyonlu ortamda çalışan sağlık personelinin radyasyon güvenliği ile bilgilendirmeye ihtiyacı vardır. Bu bilgilerin belli aralıklarla yenilenmesi fayda sağlayacaktır. Ayrıca radyasyon ile çalışan personelin zaman za-man mesleki bilinçlendirme eğitim, seminer ve kongrelere katılarak mesleki bilgilerinin güncellenmesi gerektiği görülmektedir.

Introduction: The most important toxicity of transarterial radioembolization therapy applied in liver malignancies is radiation pneumonitis and fibrosis due to hepatopulmonary shunt of Yttrium-90 (90Y) microspheres. Currently, Technetium-99m macroaggregated albumin (99mTc-MAA) scintigraphic images are used to estimate lung shunt fraction (LSF) before treatment. The aim of this study was to create a phantom to calculate exact LFS rates according to 99mTc activities in the phantom and to compare these rates with LSF values calculated from scintigraphic images. Materials and Methods: A 3D-printed lung and liver phantom containing two liver tumors was developed from Polylactic Acid (PLA) material, which is similar to the normal-sized human body in terms of texture and density. Actual %LSFs were calculated by filling phantoms and tumors with 99mTc radionuclide. After the phantoms were placed in the water tank made of plexiglass material, planar, SPECT, and SPECT/CT images were obtained. The actual LSF ratio calculated from the activity amounts filled into the phantom was used for the verification of the quantification of scintigraphic images and the results obtained by the Simplicity90YTM method. Results: In our experimental model, LSFs calculated from 99mTc activities filled into the lungs, normal liver, small tumor, and large tumor were found to be 0%, 6.2%, 10.8%, and 16.9%. According to these actual LSF values, LSF values were calculated from planar, SPECT/CT (without attenuation correction), and SPECT/CT (with both attenuation and scatter correction) scintigraphic images of the phantom. In each scintigraphy, doses were calculated for lung, small tumor, large tumor, normal liver, and Simplicity90YTM. The doses calculated from planar and SPECT/CT (NoAC+NoSC) images were found to be higher than the actual doses. The doses calculated from SPECT/CT (with AC+with SC) images and Simplicity90YTM were found to be closer to the real dose values. Conclusion: LSF is critical in dosimetry calculations of 90Y microsphere therapy. The newly introduced hepatopulmonary shunt phantom in this study is suitable for LSF verification for all models/brands of SPECT and SPECT/CT devices.

The one of the aim of nuclear medicine is diagnosis of an abnormal metabolic activities in target organs. In a routine nuclear medicine imaging procedure, a radiopharmaceutical is used. Radiopharmaceutical’s radionuclide part emits gamma radiation. This radiation is dedected by Gamma Camera or Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT). A computed tomography (CT) device was added to the SPECT(SPECT- CT). To combine anatomical images. Image quality of this device is important for accurate diagnosis and treatment of diseases. By means of quality control tests, performance changes of device are dedected. A various quality control parameters such as uniformity, sensivity, resolution, linearity have been developed for Gamma cameras, SPECT. Quality control test results are should be verify by comparing acceptable results. In this study, quality control tests of SPECT-CT are performed as proposed by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association ( NEMA) and it was aimed to investigate some correction methods.