In this study, pomegranate seed oil was extracted by microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and cold pressing techniques. Dimethyl succinate was the solvent of microwave and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods. The optimum conditions were determined by using response surface methodology (RSM, Design Expert software version 7.0 and Box-Behnken design). The ultrasound-assisted extraction technique was found to be superior to the microwave-assisted extraction technique in terms of extraction efficiency. The maximum extraction efficiency of microwave-assisted extraction was 22.01% under the optimized conditions (liquid/solid ratio, 5/1; time, 3 min; and microwave power, 300 W). The maximum extraction efficiency obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction was 26.31% under the optimized conditions (liquid/solid ratio, 10/1; pulse duration/pulse interval ratio, 1; temperature 60 °C; and time, 20 min). The extraction efficiencies were compared at the optimum conditions with hexane, which is the most used solvent for pomegranate seed oil extraction, and the difference was insignificant. The results of this study are very important, especially in the field of green chemistry and chemical engineering.

This study aims to evaluate the radiation dose impacting thyroid tissue during C-arm fluoroscopy using the Alderson Rando phantom and thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD-100). Given the sensitivity of the thyroid, understanding the dose is crucial for patient safety. The Alderson Rando phantom, representing a human equivalent, was employed for radiation exposure assessment. TLD-100 dosimeters were strategically placed in the thyroid region of the phantom's 9th section. Measurements were taken at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8-minute intervals. The study was conducted at Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, with the Alderson Rando phantom sourced from the Department of Radiation Oncology. Evaluation of research findings occurred at the Cekmece Nuclear Research Center. The study revealed the average radiation dose impacting thyroid internal tissue as 0.760 mSv (0.5 minutes), 1.319 mSv (1 minute), 2.7345 mSv (2 minutes), 5.633 mSv (4 minutes), and 11.5595 mSv (8 minutes). The average radiation dose affecting thyroid skin tissue was found to be 1.587 mSv (0.5 minutes), 2.3905 mSv (1 minute), 5.0075 mSv (2 minutes), 9.8115 mSv (4 minutes), and 18.8635 mSv (8 minutes). Minimizing radiation dose is crucial to reduce potential harm to patients. However, the absence of established reference values in the literature emphasizes the need for determining this dose, as no standardized benchmark currently exists. Annual radiation dose limits for various body parts exist, but establishing specific values for thyroid tissue during C-arm fluoroscopy is essential for enhancing patient safety in radiological procedures.

This study examines the radiation dose levels to which the kidney is exposed during kidney stone fragmentation procedures that utilize scopy imaging. The assessment was conducted using the Alderson Rando phantom and Thermoluminescent Dosimeter (TLD). The study examined various exposure parameters and measured the radiation dose to the kidney over time. The results suggest a direct correlation between exposure duration and radiation dose, emphasizing the need to monitor radiation levels during fluoroscopic interventions, especially due to the kidneys' sensitivity to radiation. Future research should concentrate on optimizing scopy settings to minimize radiation exposure while ensuring diagnostic accuracy and patient safety.